Homework due in recitation this week Recitation Homework on water issues in the Republican River Basin (10 points) Due in recitation class during week 3 Turn in at the beginning of class for full credit. Posted on Blackboard under “Assignments> Recitation HW” 1

Unit Assessment Due this Friday Water Unit Assessment Part I – claims and evidence in popular media articles and scientific journal articles Posted on Blackboard under “Assignments> Unit Assessments” 2

Learning Objectives 1.Explain competing sources of water usage for Nebraska: Drinking water Agriculture Wildlife Industry and energy production 2. Trace groundwater used in irrigation back to it’s origins. 3. Trace groundwater used in irrigation to it’s ultimate location. 3 In-Class Participation Points: Clickers

Water Resources in Nebraska One example that lets us apply the ideas we talked about last week. Finding and evaluating information Making good decisions based on well-reasoned values and good information 4

How do we use water in the state of Nebraska? 5

Competing usage of water in Nebraska Where does our water come from? How is water used? 1.Lincoln drinking water 2.Water for agricultural irrigation 3.Water for wildlife 4.Water for energy and industry 6

1. Where does Lincoln’s drinking water come from? A) The Platte River B) Groundwater under Lincoln C) Groundwater from outside of Lincoln D) Branched Oak reservoir E) Other 7

Lincoln’s water wells Lincoln’s drinking water comes from groundwater wells near Ashland, NE The shallow aquifer is recharged by the Platte River 8

Where does drinking water come from in the rest of the state? Most drinking water is groundwater 9 GWUDI= Ground Water Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water

2. Where does most of the water for irrigation in Nebraska come from? A) Surface water (like the Platte River) B) Groundwater C) Rainwater holding tanks D) Other 10

Nebraska relies primarily on groundwater to supply irrigation 11

US Bureau of Reclamation Surface Water Irrigation districts Areas irrigated with surface water Regional and area boundaries ,000 acres irrigated with surface water

Which state in the U.S irrigates the most area of land? 13

Ogallala Aquifer Yields ~30% of the ground water used for irrigation in the U.S. Since 1950, agricultural irrigation has reduced the saturated volume of the aquifer by an estimated 9%, and in some states up to 40% 14

Ogallala Aquifer The aquifer is the deepest in Nebraska Since 1970 in Nebraska the aquifer has not experienced significant depletion 15

3. Where does water for wildlife come from? Let’s take one example: The Rainwater Basin 16

Rainwater Basin 17

Where does water for the Rainwater Basin come from? A)Platte River B)Groundwater C)Rainwater D)Other 18

4. Where does water for industry and power generation come from? It depends… mostly surface water, some groundwater 19

Thermoelectric use Surface water is used to cool power-producing equipment Power plants boil water to create steam which turns turbines to generate electricity Necessary in coal, nuclear, natural gas and oil power plants Water that is not evaporated is returned to the river 20

Industry and Mining 21

Competing uses of water in Nebraska Which area uses the MOST water: A.Drinking water B.Agriculture C.Wildlife D.Industry and energy production 22

How much water used in Nebraska? 23

How much water used in Nebraska? 24

Ogallala Aquifer 25 CQ: How does water get in to the Ogallala Aquifer? A)Snowmelt from the Rockies that goes underground B)Lakes that got buried hundreds of years ago C)Water deposits from thousands of years ago D)Precipitation above the aquifer

Ogallala Aquifer 26 Much of the water originally entered the aquifer during a wetter climate during the last ice age (12,000 to 110,000 years ago) Present-day recharge with fresh water is extremely slow Most of the aquifer is considered “Paleowater” or “fossil water”

After water is used for irrigation, where does it go? 27 Ultimately the majority of irrigation water is transpired by plants, and ends up in the air as water vapor.

Factors affecting where irrigation water goes Temperature Humidity Soil characteristics Local hydrology Plant growth Type of application (drip irrigation vs center pivot sprinkler irrigation) 28

Can irrigation water return to the aquifer? 29 To do so, it would need to infiltrate the soil, then percolate all the way down to the aquifer (almost 400 feet below the surface in areas of Nebraska)

Factors affecting infiltration Precipitation Soil characteristics Soil saturation Land cover Slope of the land Evapotranspiration 30

31 1)Where has the aquifer increased? How do you think this has happened? 2)Where has the aquifer decreased? How do you think this has happened?

32

How much water does a crop need? Alfalfa = 22 – 24 inches Corn = 19 – 20 inches Soybean = inches Spring wheat = inches 33 NDSU Extension Service

34 How much water does a crop need? Alfalfa = 22 – 24 inches Corn = 19 – 20 inches Soybean = inches Spring wheat = inches Where can we consistently grow corn and soybeans in the state without irrigation?

35 USDA ave corn prices : $3.50 per bushel

How much does irrigation contribute to our state’s economy? In 2007, in the United States, irrigated agriculture had a $4.7 billion economic value In the High Plains, the total economic impact of converting all irrigated acres to non- irrigated dryland farming would be an annual net loss of more than $1.6 billion to our economy (nearly 7,300 jobs) Texas Water Resources Institute,

Given these competing water needs… … how do we best decide how water should be used? … who gets to decide? … how should those decisions change if/when water becomes more scarce? 37

The controversy: Should we (further) restrict the amount of water used for agricultural irrigation in Nebraska? 38

The Controversy vs The Problem Controversy: What people argue about The Problem: The broader, deeper issue that results in the controversy 39

What is the problem about? 1) With your group, make a list of the elements of the argument in terms of: Ethical/moral Economic Political or Social Environmental 2) What are the view points of those on different sides of the argument? 40 Example for “Political” 1)One element is that rivers cross state boundaries 2)Some feel that we should “share” more equitably with other states that are downstream. Others feel that the resources in Nebraska belong to Nebraska.

Ethical/moral Student responses: 41

Economic Student responses: 42

Political or Social Student responses: 43

Environmental Student responses: 44