Problems of Sectional Balance in 1850  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws  Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)  California statehood.  Southern “fire-eaters” threatening secession.  Underground RR & fugitive slave issues:  Personal liberty laws  Prigg v. Pennsylvania (1842)

U.S. Constitution: Article IV No person held to service or labor in one state, under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor; but shall be delivered up, on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due.

Compromise of 1850

Henry Clay proposed a compromise: 1. 1.admission of California as a free state 2. 2.the division of the NM territory into two territories, NM and UT, without federal restrictions on slavery. (You have got what is worth a thousand Wilmot Provisos,” Clay pointed out to his Northern colleagues. “You have nature on your side.”) 3. 3.The settlement of the TX, NM boundary dispute on terms favorable to NM 4. 4.An agreement that the federal government would assume the considerable debt of Texas Continuance of slavery in DC but a ban of the slave trade 6. 6.A new, more effective slave law.

Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811 – 1896) So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -- Abraham Lincoln

Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!  Sold 300,000 copies in the first year.  2 million in a decade!

Uncle Tom’s Cabin, 1852

The “Know-Nothings” [The American Party]  Nativists.  Anti-Catholics.  Anti-immigrants.  Nativists.  Anti-Catholics.  Anti-immigrants  Secret Order of the Star-Spangled Banner created in NYC.

1852 Presidential Election √ Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil

1852 Election Results

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854

“Bleeding Kansas” Border “Ruffians” (pro-slavery Missourians)

“The Crime Against Kansas” Sen. Charles Sumner (R-MA) Congr. Preston Brooks (D-SC)

John Brown: Madman, Hero or Martyr? Mural in the Kansas Capitol building by John Steuart Curry (20 c )

Birth of the Republican Party, 1854  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.  Northern Whigs.  Northern Democrats.  Free-Soilers.  Know-Nothings.  Other miscellaneous opponents of the Kansas-Nebraska Act.

1856 Presidential Election √ James Buchanan John C. Frémont Millard Fillmore Democrat Republican Whig

1856 Election Results

Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857

Panic of 1857 Caused by overspeculation Triggered by failure of an Ohio Insurance Company Result: Another issue for the Republicans in 1860 Caused by overspeculation Triggered by failure of an Ohio Insurance Company Result: Another issue for the Republicans in 1860

The Lincoln-Douglas (Illinois Senate) Debates, 1858 A House divided against itself, cannot stand. A House divided against itself, cannot stand.

Stephen Douglas & the Freeport Doctrine Popular Sovereignty?

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859

1860 Presidential Election √ Abraham Lincoln Republican John Bell Constitutional Union Stephen A. Douglas Northern Democrat John C. Breckinridge Southern Democrat

Republican Party Platform in 1860  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]  Protective tariff [for the Northenrn Industrialists]  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]  Non-extension of slavery [for the Free-Soilers]  Protective tariff [for the Northenrn Industrialists]  No abridgment of rights for immigrants [a disappointment for the “Know-Nothings”]  Government aid to build a Pacific RR [for the Northwest]  Internal improvements [for the West] at federal expense  Free homesteads for the public domain [for farmers]

1860 Election: 3 “Outs” & 1 ”Run!”

1860 Election: A Nation Coming Apart?!

1860 Election Results 1860 Election Results

Crittenden Compromise: A Last Ditch Appeal to Sanity Senator John J. Crittenden (Know-Nothing-KY)

Secession!: SC  Dec. 20, 1860

Fort Sumter: April 12, 1861