4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM Deep sea coating systems, comparison between NORSOK System 7B and System 7C MESC 2016 Dubai Monday, April 18

Overview The exposure: Deep Sea systems vs traditional immersion The coating systems: Norsok 7B / 7C Performance Testing: High Temperature Cathodic Disbonding (HT-CD) testing Solutions and Practicalities MESC 2016

The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion Traditional seawater immersion: ambient temperature Intermittent: ships Water Ballast Tanks IMO PSPC (IMO MSC.215.82) Cathodic protection, cold wall effect Dimensional and thermal stability (cracking) Continuous/intermittent: splash zone, ships hull Splash zone: Norsok system 7A, 600 μm dry film thickness (DFT) ISO 20340 testing, cathodic protection Ships: 5 year dry dock interval, anti corrosive and anti-fouling Continuous ISO 12944-2: Im2 (no CP testing included) Norsok 7B/7C Sea water injection, pipe internals, tanks IMO-PSPC 15 years durability in fair/good condition Tank coatings generically have 35-60 degrees as a maximum temperature for most cargos. Special coatings (phenolic epoxy) can withstand temperatures of 50-100 deg C 12944 IM2 immersion and salt-spray, 20340/Norsok CP + immersion MESC 2016

Offshore: Norsok M-501 Strong link to ISO standards and committees. NORSOK standards Developed by the Norwegian petroleum industry to ensure adequate safety, value adding and cost effectiveness for existing and future petroleum industry developments […] M-501: Material “Surface preparation and protective coating“ Strong link to ISO standards and committees. MESC 2016

Offshore: Norsok M-501, system 7 Rev 5: Splash/tidal zone and immersed zone 2 coats, 350 microns dry film thickness (DFT) Rev 6: System 7 A: Splash/tidal zone, DFT increased to 600 μm System 7 B: Immersion ≤ 50 °C System 7 C: Immersion > 50 °C MESC 2016

4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM Norsok 7B: Low temperature immersion (up to 50 °C substrate operating T) Revision history 7B since edition 6 (2012) If tested to meet Norsok Rev 5 System 7, it can be used when Rev 6 System 7B is required. Testing (pre-qualification) Sea water immersion to ISO 20340 (ISO 2812-2) Cathodic disbonding to ISO 20340 (ISO 15711, ambient) Surface preparation and coating system Cleanliness Sa 2½ (ISO 8501-1) Roughness Grade Medium G, 50-85μm Ry5 (ISO 8503) Two component epoxy, 2 coats minimum Total thickness (dry film, DFT) 350 μm Limited or no temperature gradient MESC 2016

Cathodic disbonding (ISO 20340 / ISO 15711) Temperature: 23 ± 2 °C Electrolyte: Artificial seawater Potential: -1.05 V SCE Oxygen concentration: Air saturation (air sparging) Diameter circular coating holiday: 6 mm Duration: 4200 hours (= 25 weeks) Evaluation: According to ISO 20340 MESC 2016

The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion Water temperature: the deep sea heat sink Deep ocean water has a very low temperature, typically from 0-3 °C (32-38 °F), and a salinity of about 3.5%. [Wikipedia] Deep ocean water makes up about 90% of the volume of the oceans. MESC 2016

The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion Higher temperature deep-sea wells have been known for years: Fig 3: OMAE 2004-5195 (2004, thermal insulation by B.Melve et al, Statoil and Aker) Nace paper 06021 (2006, by B.Melve and D.Ali, Statoil) Kirstin Field in the north sea: Gas/condensate field at 350m water depth Wellhead temperatures over previously experienced limits of 140°C here at 162-175°C. Pressure: approx. 1 bar/10m H2O: 1000m = 100bar, 1MPa = 100m H2O: 1000m = 10MPa Access: limited so enhanced durability required

The exposure: Deep Sea vs. traditional immersion Difference in temperature between internal (e.g. hot oil) and external (cold seawater) environments (NACE 06021). Simplified model from NACE paper 11023. The biggest temperature drop will occur in the coating, which will introduce stress and, consequently, result in potential failure. MESC 2016

Notes from the 2006 Statoil NACE paper 06021 Corrosion coatings for high temperature water immersion service Most high temperature options qualified for dry temperature only Dry testing, even well above 162°C not deemed relevant for immersion Note: anti CUI epoxy coatings up to 230°C available (SIGMATHERMTM 230) Norsok system 7 covers immersion on substrates below 50°C Main qualification tests: Cathodic Protection at maximum operational temperature Ageing test to verify the lifetime for splash and tidal: cyclic testing 3 days UV/condensation (4h/4h cycle, 60/50 °C), 3 days saltspray (35 °C), 1 day cold shock (-20°C) “how can a test tell whether the paint will last for 20 years” (at elevated temperatures)? Arrhenius type testing (acceleration by increase in temperature) What temperatures to select? MESC 2016

Testing Test program 1997-1999 Looking for protection at submerged use for T up to 200°C “Epoxy, phenolic, epoxy-phenolic, thermo plastics and rubbers” No candidates survived at 200°C Some could be candidates with at 180°C with some improvements Candidates available for 160°C (and further testing done) MESC 2016

NACE paper 11023 Several standard methods 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM NACE paper 11023 Several standard methods Varying duration electrolyte and potential ASTM G42, ASTM G95, EN 10289 Alternative non-standard methods: Hot substrate, cooled electrolyte 150°C substrate 95°C electrolyte Still not meeting the actual exposure condition Measured and calculated temperatures reported. Higher electrolyte T requires higher pressures or higher salt concentration MESC 2016

NORSOK 7C Developed to deal with the issues described before: Additional testing of cathodic protection for systems operating at temperatures >50°C Steel temperature: maximum operating temperature Electrolyte: 3.5% NaCl Electrolyte temperature: 30°C Potential: -1.2V SCE Oxygen concentration: 8ppm Circular holiday: 6mm diameter Duration: 4 weeks MESC 2016

High temperature cathodic disbonding test set-up MESC 2016

High temperature cathodic disbonding test set-up MESC 2016

High temperature cathodic disbonding 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM High temperature cathodic disbonding Example: Steel temperature: 150°C (oil 180°C) Electrolyte: 3.5% NaCl Electrolyte temperature: 30 ± 2 °C Potential: -1.2 V SCE Oxygen concentration: 8 ppm Diameter circular coating holiday: 6 mm Duration: 4 weeks Evaluation: According to ISO 20340 The water temperature in the reservoir was about 34 °C and 40 °C at the outlet of the channel during the test. The water is heated by the samples along the test channel. This is slightly higher than specified (30 ± 2 °C),but this is a conservative error. MESC 2016

Coating systems meeting Norsok M-501 system 7 Notes: Two component epoxy coating, minimum number of coats (2) and DFT are prescribed. First epoxy coat may be a holding primer or for improved CP performance. Hardener technology is not prescribed in Norsok M-501 and can vary along the lines of polyamide, polyamine and adducts of the same even in 1 system. Although not prescribed in Norsok M-501, phenolic epoxy technology is sometimes requested or preferred by clients. Topcoat may be required to reach the required bright color(s) to enhance visibility for diver/ROV inspection. MESC 2016

Epoxy types & Nomenclature 4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM Epoxy types & Nomenclature Epoxy Average Functionality Epoxy Structure Crosslink Density (higher – ↑ chemical resistant ↑ temperature resistance) 2* standard epoxy Bis phenol A Novolac phenolic Bis phenol F ≤3* ≤3.5* Higher network density results in improved heat and chemical resistance. * For Should not be used as a prequalification parameter MESC 2016

4/28/2017 5:57:13 PM Coating systems Traditionally tank lining systems were specified for sub-sea & CUI Nr. of coats Crude/water mix CUI Norsok Pure epoxy Bis A/Bis F 2-4 70°C 120-150°C 7B, ≤50°C Epoxy Novolac, Phenolic Solvent free 1-2 90-120°C 150°C 7C, 150°C Epoxy Novolac Phenolic 2-3 120°C 200-230°C 7C, 150-180°C Time to first service is a clear difference when comparing sub-sea and lining coating systems in practice. Solvent free system can be 1 coat but would not meet Norsok, higher DFT improves the CP resistance but is only possible with SF systems (see references), topcoat may be required for colours. MESC 2016

Summary In sub-sea exposure, the temperature gradient and CD resistance are the most critical parameters for the coating performance. Norsok M501-rev 6, system 7C includes tests for these parameters. 2 coat systems for Norsok 7C up to 150-180°C are now available. Please contact us for product and system information. MESC 2016

Millau Bridge (2005) Location: Millau, France Description: Area coated: 120,000m2 Our solution: SIGMAFAST™ 302 SIGMAFAST™ 213 SIGMADUR™ 550

SIGMALINE® 2500 and PHENGUARDTM SUBSEA Proven protection for high temperature subsea production systems MESC 2016