Chapter 15 Unit – 1750 Cultural Transformations -Religion and Science

Protestant Reformation  A religious movement in the 1500s that split the Roman Catholic church and led to the establishment of a number of new churches

Martin Luther   German monk whose protests against the Catholic Church in 1517 (95 Theses) led to calls for reform and to the movement known as the Reformation  “main mover and shaker”

Ninety-Five Theses  List of grievances penned by Martin Luther and said to have been pubilcly posted on the doors of the Wittenberg Church in 1517

Indulgences  Pardons issued by the pope of the Roman Catholic Church that could reduce a soul’s time in purgatory  When sold in the 1400s and 1500s, it led to corruption, controversy, and the Reformation.

Salvation  Eternal life  Heaven

Schism  Split or division between strongly opposed sections or parties, caused by differences in opinion or belief  The formal separation of a church into two churches or the secession of a group owing to doctrinal or other differences

Catholic Counter Reformation  An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16 th century;  Thanks especially to the Council of Trent ( ), Catholic leaders clarified doctrine, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability.

Taki Onqoy (TAH kee OHN koy)  Literally, “dancing sickness”  A religious revival movement in central Peru in the 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of the Europeans in favor of a renewed Andean Age

Ursula de Jesus  Slave and later religious lay woman at the Peruvian Convent of Santa Clara  A lucky escape inspired her to pursue a pious life of mortification and good words gaining a reputation as a woman of extraordinary devotion and humility as well as a visionary and mystic

Jesuits  aka “Society of Jesus”  Catholic missionary order  Founded by Ignatius of Loyola  Part of the Catholic Counter Reformation

Wahhabi (wah-HAB-ee) Islam  Major Islamic movement led by the Muslim theologian Abd al-Wahhab ( )  Advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to Islamic law

kaozheng (kow-jung)  Literally, “research based on evidence”  Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis  Applied especially to historical documents

Mirabai (MIR-ah-bye)  One of India’s most beloved bhakti poets  ( )  Helped break down the barriers of caste and tradition

Sikhism (SEEK-ism)  Religious tradition of northern India  Founded by Guru Nanak ca  Combines elements of Hinduism and Islam  Proclaims the brotherhood of ALL humans AND the equality of men and women

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus  Polish mathematician and astronomer   Was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmos

Isaac Newton  English scientist   Formulated laws of motion and mechanics  Findings are considered the culmination of the Scientific Revolution

European Enlightenment  European intellectual movement of the eighteenth century (1700s)