Introduction to the Structure & Function of the Body Health Science 1

VocabularyVocabulary Anatomy- The study of the structure of an organism & the relationship of its parts. Physiology- The study of functions of living organisms & their parts.

VocabularyVocabulary Pathology- The scientific study of disease.

Structural Levels of Organization The body is made up of trillions of smaller structures Chemical level- atoms & molecules Cells- the smallest “living” units of structure & function.

Structural Levels of Organization Tissues- an organization of many similar cells that act together to perform a common function. Organs- group of several different kinds of tissue arranged so that they can together act as a unit to perform a special function.

Structural Levels of Organization Systems- organization of varying numbers & kinds of organs arranged so that they can together perform complex functions for the body.

The Balance of Body Functions All cellular reactions that sustain life together make up metabolism, which can be divided into catabolism and anabolism.

The Balance of Body Functions Catabolism- occurs when a complex substance (like the nutrients from food) are broken down into smaller molecules with the release of energy.

The Balance of Body Functions Catabolism- This energy is stored in the compound ATP (adenosine triphosphate) for use by the cells.

The Balance of Body Functions All systems work together to maintain life. This state of balance is called homeostasis. You can think of it as “Body Harmony.”

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Anatomical Position- the body in an erect (standing) position with the arms down, by the sides and palms facing forward. The head and feet also point forward.

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Anatomical Position

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Supine- lying face upward

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Prone- lying face down

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Superior - toward the head, upper or above

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Inferior - toward the feet, lower or below

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Anterior - front, in front of

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Posterior - back, in back of

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Medial- toward the midline of the body

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Lateral- toward the side of the body, away from the midline

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Proximal- toward or nearest the trunk of the body, nearest the point of origin

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Distal- away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of a body part

Planes/ Divisions of the Body

AssignmentAssignment Write 3 statements using each of the following directional terms: - Superior - Medial - Anterior - Inferior - Lateral - Posterior Example: “The head is superior to the neck.” (You cannot use this example. You must use DIFFERENT organs or body parts for each directional term.)

Directional Terms Superior - The eyes are superior to the mouth. - The belly button is superior to the bladder. - The knee is superior to the knee. Inferior - The toes are inferior to the brain. - The heel is inferior to the hip. - The heart is inferior to the mouth.

Directional Terms Medial - The nose is medial to the ear. - The breast bone is medial to the lungs. - The pinky is medial to the thumb. (Anatomical Position) Distal - The shoulder blade is lateral to the spine. - The collar bone is lateral to the esophagus. - The appendix is lateral to the stomach.

Directional Terms Anterior - The teeth are anterior to the throat. - The ribs are anterior to the spine. - The knee is anterior to the calf. Posterior - The buttocks are posterior to the abdomen. - The triceps are posterior to the biceps. - The kidneys are posterior to the diaphragm.

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Superficial- nearer to the surface Deep- farthest away from the body surface

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Sagittal- divides the body, or any of its parts, into left and right sides

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Sagittal Plane

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Frontal (Coronal) Plane- divides the body, or any of its parts, into front & back sides (anterior & posterior).

Planes/ Divisions of the Body Transverse Plane- divides the body, or any of its parts, into upper & lower parts (superior & inferior)

Planes/ Divisions of the Body The anatomical planes together

Medical Terminology Know the following terms: - Antebrachial: forearm - Antecubital: depressed area in the anterior elbow.

Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Axillary: armpit - Buccal: cheek - Brachial: arm

Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Digital: fingers, toes - Carpal: wrist - Cephalic: head

Medical Terminology Descriptive Terms & Body Regions - Cubital: elbow - Cutaneous: skin - Plantar: sole of the foot

Medical Terminology Also Hypo- below - Hyper - above - Gastr - stomach

Body Cavities The body is not a solid structure. It is made up of open spaces known as “cavities” that contain internal organs.

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity The muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity is called the diaphragm. The diaphragm is the most important muscle for breathing.

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity The abdominopelvic cavity is divided into 9 regions

Body Cavities The 9 regions of the Abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities Ventral Cavity The Abdominopelvic cavity can also be divided into 4 quadrants.

Body Cavities The 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic cavity

Body Cavities The second major cavity is the Dorsal cavity. This cavity includes the cranial cavity & the spinal cavity.

Body Regions 2 Subdivisions of the Body: Axial: head, neck & torso (trunk) Appendicular: upper & lower extremities

Body Regions

Body Systems & Functions Integumentary System- protective covering of the body. Skeletal System- framework of the body. Muscular System- provides body movement.

Body Systems & Functions Nervous System- controls/ coordinates most parts of the body using nerve impulses. Endocrine System- secretes hormones from glands scattered throughout the body.

Body Systems & Functions Circulatory System- delivers oxygen & nutrients to all parts of the body. Lymphatic System- helps immune system, helps move large molecules from tissue spaces to the blood.

Body Systems & Functions Respiratory System- takes in oxygen & gives off carbon dioxide. Digestive System- takes in food, converts it into useful substances cells can use.

Body Systems & Functions Urinary System- removes waste from the body. Reproductive System- reproduction of human life.

Metric System Unit of length- meter Unit of weight- gram Unit of volume- liter

Metric System 2.5 cm = 1 inch 1000 mg = 1 gram 1 kilogram = 2.2 lbs 1000 milliliters = 1 liter

Metric System When converting from lbs. to kg. You DIVIDE by 2.2

Metric System Convert 100lbs. to kg. Work problem out to the tenths place. NO CALCULATORS!

Metric System STOP! 88 STOP!

Metric System When converting from kg. to lbs. You MULTIPLY by 2.2

Metric System Convert 35kgs. to lbs. Work out the problem to the tenths place. NO CALCULATORS!

Metric System x 2.2 x lbs lbs.