The Industrial Revolution Ms. Hedgspeth Adapted from Ms. McKenna The Industrial Revolution is when people stopped making products at home and started making stuff in factories!

The Industrial Revolution came late to America and happened in two-folds. – –1 st Industrial Revolution began in the late 1700s until the beginning of the Civil War – –2 nd Industrial Revolution began after the Civil War until the early 1900s Industrialization: a shift from an agricultural (farming) economy to one based on industry (manufacturing)

Introduction: aNBkvchttp:// aNBkvc (3:31) Turning Points in History: Industrial Revolution

Pre-Industrial Revolution Village life dominated – families were nearly self- sufficient Village life dominated – families were nearly self- sufficient Most villagers were farmers Most villagers were farmers

© Causes for the Industrial Revolution in the U.S. Eli Whitney started the process. Eli Whitney started the process. –considered the father of manufacturing –invented the cotton gin and interchangeable part Early industrial espionage brought textile machines to the U.S. Early industrial espionage brought textile machines to the U.S. –Samuel Slater used ideas he learned from Britain to build the first textile factory in the US

Urbanization: the movement of people to cities Changes in farming + population increase + need for workers= mass migration to cities Small towns near natural resources and cities near factories boomed instantly Urbanization

Growth of Industry Growth of factories Growth of factories –Demand for cloth grew leading to newer and bigger machines being invented. –Factories were built to house the new machines. –New machines and factories increased production

Technology The Industrial Revolution was built on rapid advances in technology

Spinning Jenny: 1764 Invented by James Hargreaves This machine spun many threads at the same time, thus reducing the amount of work needed to produce yarn (increased productivity = produced yarn quickly)

Modern Steam Engine: Improved by James Watt Offered a dramatic increase in fuel efficiency Could be used to drive many different types of machinery

Cotton Gin: 1793 Invented by Eli Whitney to mechanize the cleaning of cotton A machine that quickly and easily separates the cotton fibers from the seeds, a job previously done by hand

(Henry) Bessemer Process for the Manufacture of Steel: 1856 Invented by Henry Bessemer Lowered the cost of steel production, leading to steel being widely substituted for cast iron Steel used for the production of guns and railway structures such as bridges and tracks

The Impact of the Railroad Transportation innovation that most changed the way raw materials, goods, and people moved Allowed communication and trade between places previously deemed too far

Assembly Line Invented by Henry Ford Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product that moves along the belt from one work station to the next This division of labor made production faster and cheaper, lowering the price of goods LUmzRE

Conditions in Factories Dirty Cramped spaces Monotony Dangerous Machinery

Young women in the textile mills of Massachusetts died at an average age of 26, constantly inhaling cotton dust, working long hours in unventilated rooms lit by oil lamps

Child Labor Young children Long hours Poor treatment Dangerous conditions

Children of the Industrial Revolution Video: feature=fvwrelhttp:// feature=fvwrel (Music 6:00) &feature=relatedhttp:// &feature=related (Documentary 9:58) Pictures: or/

Housing Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor Built cheaply Multiple stories No running water or toilet Sewer down the middle of street Trash thrown out into street Crowded (5+ people living in one room) Breeding grounds for diseases Pollution from factory smoke

Large Gaps between Rich & Poor The “HAVES” Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution The “HAVE-NOTS” The Poor, The Over-Worked, and the Destitute

Effects of the Industrial Revolution

Positive Effects Increased world productivity Increased world productivity Growth of railroads Growth of railroads New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions) New entrepreneurs emerged (more money = more technology/inventions) New inventions improved quality of life for many New inventions improved quality of life for many Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions Labor eventually organized (unions) to improve working conditions Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories Laws were enacted to enforce health and safety codes in cities and factories New opportunities for women New opportunities for women Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded Rise of the middle class – size, power, and wealth expanded Social structure becomes more flexible Social structure becomes more flexible

Positive Effects – –Goods were able to be produced much more cheaply – –There were greater job opportunities – –There was an increase in wealth and in general quality of life – –An independent urban manufacturing business force arose – –New inventions and innovations occurred; information spread, making the world “smaller” – –Spurred the rise of large cities

Negative Effects: Factory Life Child labor used in factories & mines Child labor used in factories & mines Miserable and dangerous working conditions Miserable and dangerous working conditions Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery Monotonous work with heavy, noisy, repetitive machinery Long working hours with low wages Long working hours with low wages Rigid schedules ruled each day Rigid schedules ruled each day Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories Diseases such as pneumonia & tuberculosis spread through factories

Negative Effects: Labor Practices & Housing Issues Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent) Labor unrest leads to demonstrations (sometimes violent) Strikes take place Strikes take place Women were paid less than men Women were paid less than men Indentured workers Indentured workers Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees Employers had a more impersonal relationship with employees Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold Tenement housing was poorly constructed, crowded, and cold Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread Human and industrial waste contaminated water supplies – typhoid and cholera spread