Expansionism and Containment

Key Terms Expansionism: the attempt to enlarge territorial and ideological influence beyond a country’s borders and allies Practiced by both the Soviet Union and USA Spheres of Influence Territories and countries over which a powerful country dominates The countries that the western Allies had liberated from Nazi Germany fell under American sphere of influence, whereas those liberated by the Soviets fell under their sphere

THE MARSHALL PLAN 1947 (Marshall Aid) What Was it? ________________________________________________ ________________________________________________ Who was Marshall? An American General and American Secretary of State, sent to assess the economic state of Europe

Details Economies in ruins Shortages of goods Bread still rationed Coal shortages – in GB electricity cuts each day It was thought that these were the conditions in which communism thrived WHY?

Marshall’s reaction ___________________________________________ Congress against it UNTIL Czechoslovakia became Communist and death of Jan Masaryk 1948 – Plan passes by Congress – to last four years

What a nice gesture by the Americans. Yes BUT….. The aid came in the form of goods made by American firms So there was an ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

And Stalin He hated Marshall Aid!! Forbade Eastern European countries from having anything to do with it Regarded as anti-Communist __________________________________________ __________________________________________ __________________________________________ And Eastern countries would swing to the US dollar.

THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE

What was it….. It was very simple….. isolationist Whereas before WW2 the USA had been isolationist and not got involved in Europe….NOW…… Because of the fear of Communism the USA was prepared to intervene throughout the world to protect democracy against communism…. _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

Containment July 5, 2016SS 30 Cold War Introduction10 b.North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 1949, Western European countries, USA, and Canada form an Alliance to scare Stalin. Britain, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Norway, Turkey, etc. US also warns Soviets that an attack on Western Europe would be treated like an attack on the US itself. i.e.Americans would nuke Soviets

July 5, 2016SS 30 Cold War Introduction11

Containment July 5, 2016SS 30 Cold War Introduction12 v.Stalin’s (Soviet) Responses to containment: a. ___________________________________________ To keep Eastern Europe financially happy, Stalin sets up a program like the Marshall Plan called the COMECON b._____________: An Alliance of Eastern European Nations including Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania and the USSR. This was a response to NATO. Warsaw Pact members were not given a choice about membership

Berlin Blockade  The Berlin Blockade (24 June 1948 – 11 May 1949) was one of the first major international crises of the Cold War  The Soviet Union blocked the Western force's railway and road access to the western sectors of Berlin ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________

The Response The Berlin AIRLIFT  The United States and the British Royal Air Force flew over 200,000 flights that provided 13,000 tons of food daily, for the next year.  In spite of this, by the spring of 1949 the effort was clearly succeeding, and by April the airlift was delivering more cargo than had previously flowed into the city via rail.  The success of the Airlift was humiliating to the Soviets.

The Cold War - Introduction Terms Containment NATO Marshall Plan Truman Doctrine Warsaw Pact COMECON Truman Stalin Cold War Satellite States Big Three Individualism Collectivism Ideology Buffer Zone Iron Curtain July 5, 2016SS 30 Cold War Introduction15

Nuclear Arms Race July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Nuclear Arms Race 16 iv.Mutual Deterrence: Assuring that your nation can destroy the enemy with nuclear weapons so that they will not attack a.MAD Mutual Assured Destruction: a Cold War theory in which the United States and Soviet Union each used its ability to launch a nuclear counterattack to stop a first strike from the other side b.First Strike Capability: The ability to launch a nuclear attack on your enemy, but they do not have the capacity to attack back

Nuclear Arms Race July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Nuclear Arms Race 17 iii.The Berlin Wall, 1961 a. ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 18 John F. Kennedy USA

July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 19 Nikita Khrushchev U.S.S.R.

July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 20 Fidel Castro Cuba

The Cuban Missile Crisis July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 21 vi.1962, American U2 spy planes took photographs of Soviet nuclear launch sites under construction in Cuba a.THE SOVIETS PROBABLY DID THIS IN RESPONSE TO THE AMERICANS HAVING LAUNCH SITES IN TURKEY, VERY CLOSE TO THE USSR. vii.Kennedy _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________

The Cuban Missile Crisis July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 22 viii.The tension lasted for 10 days until the convoy of Soviet ships came face to face with the American ships. a. ___________________________________________ _________________________________________________ _________________________________________________ ix.Khrushchev orders the Soviet ships to turn around and go home. x.Kennedy wins the game of brinkmanship xi.Khrushchev, soon after, destroyed the launch sites in exchange for the USA staying out of Cuba’s affairs.

The Cuban Missile Crisis July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 23 xii.The Soviets put missiles in Cuba for two reasons: 1.________________________________________. 2.To use missiles as a bargaining chip in negotiations over Berlin. xiii.The missiles in Cuba were unacceptable to the Americans for two reasons: 1. ____________________________________________ ___________________________________________________. 2.The missiles in Cuba were pointed at the ‘soft underbelly’ of America whose defences were pointed to the North – DEW Line and NORAD.

The Cuban Missile Crisis July 5, 2016 SS 30 Cold War - Cuban Missile Crisis 24 xvi.Consequences of the Cuban Missile Crisis a.A “_________________”Washington and Moscow b.Americans pull nuclear weapons out of Turkey c.Partial test ban treaty- banning tests in the air or ocean d.Soviets and Americans agree to meet more often to resolve outstanding issues