 What types of taxes do your parents pay yearly?  There are powers to the national government and those to the state, some have the same

 Power that is directly granted to the National Government are called delegated  These are given to the Federal Government per the Constitution

 1. expressed powers are directly stated in the Constitution › They are the first three Articles › Also called enumerated powers

 2. implied powers are not specifically listed but we just assume they have them › Necessary and proper clause, which states that the federal government has all the power not mentioned in the Constitution to uphold necessary and proper life, also known as the elastic clause.

 3. Inherent powers are powers that the federal government has just assumed they have over the years › Examples: control over immigration, establishing diplomacy with other countries

 The states also have powers that the federal government can’t control, or can they?  Called reserved powers  Stated in the 10 th Amendment, “those powers not delegated to the US by the Constitution”  See a problem?????

 Even thought states have their “reserved rights” there is something that puts that in its place  Supremacy Clause, states that no state law may conflict with the national laws  Wow, talk about a stab in the back!!

 National and state governments also share some of the same powers  Concurrent powers, powers shared by the national and state governments › Examples: taxes, of course, define crimes, court systems

 Both states and the national government have denied powers, or things that they can’t do, like that would stop them!  States denied powers-Section No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; or grant any Title of Nobility.

 National- are specified in a short list in Article I, Section 9. The article begins by prohibiting Congress from limiting the slave trade until 1808, one of the key compromises between the northern and southern states, imposition of taxes on exports from any of the states, and granting of titles of nobility.

 1. the national government must provide for a republican form of government › Seat on congress (Civil Rights Amendment) 2. Protection, from invasion and domestic violence ( National guard during Civil Rights, railroad strikes, natural disasters) 3. Respect the territorial integrity, they can not use territory of one state to create a new state

 Restrictions:  1. no state may be formed by taking territory from another state  2. acts of admission are subject to Presidential veto  You must pass an enabling act which is signed by the president, which causes the new state to write a constitution

 Once admitted, each state is equal to all!!! And has right to control internal affairs  No state has more or less privileges, obligations, and is bound by the Constitution

 Obligations of the state:  1. states conduct and pay for all elections of the national government  Amendment of the Constitution, need a 3/4ths vote to approve it

Section 2 and 3

 One reason that the Constitution was drafted was to end problems between the states  Article IV requires states to: › 1. Give full faith and credit to each state’s laws, records and court decisions. › Laymen’s terms, each state must recognize the laws and proceedings of other states. › This would prevent people from skipping out of fines and jail by going to another state

 2. Citizens of each state shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of citizens in other states. These rights include to pass through or live in a state, but, sell, hold property and marry. This does not include the right to vote.  3. Extradite, this prevents criminals from escaping justice by going to another state.

 Throughout history there have been two views of government: › States’ rights position believed that the national government was created by the states and all its power should be narrowly defined › Chief Justice Taney supported

 They deny that the national government is an agent for the state  They have the right to adopt any means necessary to carry out the laws  Established with McCulloch v. Maryland and later extend during the Great Depression

 National government has grown in size and power to meet the needs of modern society  This expansion is based on 3 key constitutional provisions: › 1. War powers have expanded greatly over the years. No longer good enough to just put troops in the field.

 2.Commerce power has expanded to mean almost all buying, selling and transporting. The government applied this broadly to the Civil Rights Act of 1964, when it forbid racial segregation in public accommodations  3. Taxing power expanded greatly over the years. Example, passage of the 16 th amendment

 A continuing problem is competition among states is national money  Each state wants their fair share  The national government’s power to provide funds to states that follow and meet their conditions is very political and controversial

 Recently there has been a large push to balance powers between state and federal governments  Examples: Nixon’s “New Federalism” which called for more authority to the state government, Reagan, Bush and Clinton all supported a need to “reinvent” the government

 Read page 111 in your book  Do questions 1 thru 3 and answer the “you be the judge” questions. Be prepared to talk about your answers

Section 4

 A policy is a stated course of action  For example, a uniform policy, tobacco policy etc.  Some of your policies?  Public policy is a stated course of action the government takes in response to an issue or problem that has occurred frequently

 The United States practices federalism › Power is divided between the national and state government › How does federalism affect policy making?  1. how and where policies are made in the US  2. introduces new limits on government policy making

 50 states equals a lot of new policies  Federalism allows these states to experiment with new policies  Example: Georgia was the first state to implement 18 voting rights  Example: Colorado pioneered sunset laws, require periodic checks of government agencies to see if they are still needed

 Example: Florida started sunshine laws, which prohibits public officials from holding closed meetings  Policies also happen at a national level and are then passed down to the states:  Example: Civil Rights in the 50’s and 60’s, states refused but national government said it is policy

 Federalism is not just a word, it does help especially on our level  Federalism allows any political party to form, each having a chance to win an election  Lessens the risk of one political party having complete control

 Federalism helps everyday citizens because it increases our opportunity to participate in politics.  State, national, local etc. our participation might have a practical effect

 1. More opportunities, several levels of government, for people to get involved  2. Increased success, one’s participation, because on so many levels, may have an effect

 Federalism allows states to have a lot of internal freedom  Have differences in providing healthcare, stricter criminal laws, higher taxes, providing education etc.