Professional Nursing Practice Concepts and Perspectives Seventh Edition Chapter 3 Historical Foundations of Professional Nursing

Learning Objectives 3.1 Discuss the historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present. 3.2 Discuss the role of religion in the development of nursing. 3.3 Discuss the influence of war on the development of nursing. 3.4 Describe contributions of selected nurses to nursing and society. 3.5 Analyze the contributions of selected nurses and the nursing profession to society from a historical perspective. 3.6 Compare and contrast the history of nursing and the history of caring. 3.7 Discuss the development of professional nursing organizations and their role in advocating for nurses and health care.

Hallmark Features A focus on foundational knowledge related to professional nursing Includes nursing history, nursing theory, ethics, and legal aspects, etc. An overview of professional nursing roles, issues, and changes in the profession Discusses nurses as healthcare providers, learners and teachers, and leaders

Challenges and Opportunities As curricula expanded in nursing education, nursing history was eliminated from courses Continue leadership within the profession Opportunity to use experience and lessons learned to create the future Opportunity to celebrate accomplishments, take pride in the past, and carry the best of the past into the future

Learning Objective 3.1 Discuss the historical development of nursing from ancient times to the present.

Nursing in History Primitive societies Traditional female roles included care and nurturing of others

Nursing in History Ancient civilizations Midwives, wet nurses Belief about disease imbedded in superstition and magic Earliest recording of healing practice is a 4,000-year- old clay tablet Earliest documentation of law governing medicine is Code of Hammurabi dating to 1900 B.C.

Nursing in History Egyptian culture Hebrew culture Christian culture Ebers papyrus: oldest medical text, approximately from 1550 B.C. Mummification or embalming Hebrew culture Mosiac Health Code Christian culture The Bible mentions nurses in Old Testament

Nursing in History African culture Indian culture Chinese culture Midwives, herbalists, wet nurses, caregivers Indian culture Male nurses Chinese culture Acupuncture Herbal remedies

Nursing in History Greek culture Roman culture Mythology Hippocrates, father of medicine Roman culture Public sanitation

Learning Objective 3.2 Discuss the role of religion in the development of nursing.

Nursing in History Role of religion Benevolence as a Christian value Parabolani Brotherhood Knighthoods Knights Hospitallers of St. John of Jerusalam Teutonic Knights Knights of Lazarus Specialized institutions supported by the church

Nursing in History Other groups Military and secular orders Islamic women Sisters of Charity Deaconess groups

Learning Objective 3.3 Discuss the influence of war on the development of nursing.

Development of Modern Nursing Deaconess Institute at Kaiserwerth, Germany Recognized the need for services of women in caring for the sick, poor, children, and female prisoners Developed a training school for nurses Deaconess movement spread to four continents

Development of Modern Nursing Florence Nightingale Kaiserwerth pupil Recruited during the Crimean War to care for soldiers Transformed the environment by setting standards Used her honorarium to develop the Nightingale Training School for Nurses

Development of Nursing in the Americas Augustinian Sisters – first hospital in Canada, 1639 Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s in Maryland – Mother Elizabeth Seton Religious orders developed nursing education and nursing services Catholic and Protestant churches developed hospitals across the country

Learning Objective 3.4 Describe contributions of selected nurses to nursing and society.

Development of Nursing in the Americas Related to the need to care for sick and injured soldiers Civil War Dorothea Dix Louisa May Alcott Harriet Tubman Sojourner Truth

Development of Nursing in the Americas Related to the need to care for sick and injured soldiers World War I Vassar Training Camp combined university and hospital training – Isabel Stewart Army School of Nursing – Annie Goodrich World War II U.S. Cadet Nurse Corps

Development of Nursing in the Americas 1903: North Carolina, New Jersey, New York, Virginia enacted voluntary licensure laws Regulated the use of the title registered nurse (RN) 1915: American Nurses Association draft of a model nurse practice act 1923: All 48 states had nursing licensure laws or registration

Development of Nursing in America 1935: Mandatory licensure act passed in New York that went into effect in 1949 1971: Idaho became the first state to recognize advanced practice 1992: Eddie Bernice Johnson was the first nurse to be elected to the U.S. House of Representatives

Learning Objective 3.5 Analyze the contributions of selected nurses and the nursing profession to society from a historical perspective.

Historical Leaders in Nursing The founders Rufaidah Jeanne Mance Florence Nightingale Mary Seacole Clara Barton Lucy Osborne Linda (Melinda) Richards

Historical Leaders in Nursing The founders Mary Mahoney Cecilia Makiwane Lillian Wald Mary Breckinridge Martha Minerva Franklin Loretta C. Ford Faye G. Abdellah

Historical Leaders in Nursing The men John Ciudad St. Camillus de Lellis James Derham Walt Whitman Luther Christman Russell E. Tranbarger Richard Henry Carmona

Historical Leaders in Nursing The risk takers Clara Maass Edith Cavell Sharon Lane Barbara Fassbinder

Historical Leaders in Nursing The social reformers Sojourner Truth Dorothea Lynde Dix Harriet Tubman Lavinia Dock Margaret Sanger Mabel Staupers Susie Walking Bear Yellowtail Mary Elizabeth Carnegie

Learning Objective 3.6 Compare and contrast the history of nursing and the history of caring.

Nursing: A History of Caring The modern idea of nursing is caring for and caring about others Symbiotic relationship between the history of Nursing Caring Women

Learning Objective 3.7 Discuss the development of professional nursing organizations and their role in advocating for nurses and health care.

Professional Nursing Organizations Nursing organizations are divided into three types Those that represent all nurses Those that meet the needs of nurses within specialties Those that represent special interests

Professional Nursing Organizations American Nurses Association (ANA) National professional organization for all registered nurses in the United States Headquarters – Washington, D.C. The name Nurses Associated Alumnae was changed to ANA in 1911 Nurses can participate through their state nurses’ associations or as individual members

Professional Nursing Organizations American Nurses Association (ANA) Mission: To advance the nursing profession to improve health for all Official publications: American Nurse, American Nurse Today, OJIN: Online Journal of Issues in Nursing

Professional Nursing Organizations National Student Nurses’ Association (NSNA) Established in 1952 Mission: To mentor students preparing for initial licensure as registered nurses, and to convey the standards, ethics, and skills that students will need as responsible and accountable leaders and members of the profession Official publication: Imprint

Professional Nursing Organizations National League for Nursing (NLN) Mission: To promote excellence in nursing education to build a strong and diverse nursing workforce Began in 1893 as part of the American Society of Superintendents of Training Schools for Nurses

Professional Nursing Organizations National League for Nursing (NLN) Affiliate of NLN, National League for Nursing Accrediting Commission (NLNAC) serves as national accreditation body Official publication: Nursing Education Perspectives

Professional Nursing Organizations American Association of Colleges of Nursing (AACN) National voice for baccalaureate and higher-degree nursing education programs Official publication: Journal of Professional Nursing

Professional Nursing Organizations Canadian Nurses Association Formed in 1908 as the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (CNATN) Change to CNA in 1924 Mission: To serve as national voice of registered nurses in Canada

Professional Nursing Organizations International Council of Nurses (ICN) Founded in 1899 as the world’s first and widest international organization for health professionals Mission: To represent nursing worldwide, advancing the profession and influencing health policy

Professional Nursing Organizations International Council of Nurses (ICN) Five core values of ICN Visionary leadership Inclusiveness Innovativeness Partnership Transparency Official publication: International Nursing Review

Professional Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) Founded in 1922 as an international honor society for nursing Member of the Association of College Honor Societies

Professional Nursing Organizations Sigma Theta Tau International (STTI) Mission: To support learning, knowledge, and professional development of nurses committed to make a difference in health worldwide Official publication: Journal of Nursing Scholarship

Professional Nursing Organizations Specialty nursing organizations Represent special interests of nurses in clinical specialty areas Provide educational opportunities for members Special-interest organizations Address special needs of nurses of specific ethnic groups or other special interests