Chapter 2 Alkanes. 2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic.

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Presentation transcript:

Chapter 2 Alkanes

2.1 Classes of Hydrocarbons

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromaticAliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes AlkynesAlkynes AlkenesAlkenes

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkanesAlkanes Alkanes are hydrocarbons in which all of the bonds are single bonds. C C H H H HHH

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkenesAlkenes Alkenes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon double bond. C C H H HH

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AliphaticAliphatic AlkynesAlkynes Alkynes are hydrocarbons that contain a carbon- carbon triple bond. HCCH

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons AromaticAromatic The most common aromatic hydrocarbons are those that contain a benzene ring. H H H HHH

2.2 Reactive Sites in Hydrocarbons

a structural unit in a molecule responsible for its characteristic behavior under a particular set of reaction conditions Functional Group

functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X Alkanes

functional group is a hydrogen reaction that takes place is substitution one of the hydrogens is replaced by some other atom or group R—H R—X + Cl 2 C C H H H HHH + HCl C C H Cl H HHH Alkanes

alkanesRH alkenesdouble bond alkynestriple bond arenesArH Functional Groups in Hydrocarbons

2.3 The Key Functional Groups

AlcoholsROH Alkyl halidesRX (X = F, Cl, Br, I) Aminesprimary amine: RNH 2 secondary amine: R 2 NH secondary amine: R 2 NH tertiary amine: R 3 N tertiary amine: R 3 N Families of organic compounds and their functional groups

EthersROR' NitrilesRC NitroalkanesRNO 2 ThiolsRSH Epoxides C C O N Families of organic compounds and their functional groups

O C Carbonyl group O C Acyl group R Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

O C Carbonyl group O C Aldehyde R H Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

O C Carbonyl group O C Ketone R R' Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

O C Carbonyl group O C Carboxylic acid R OH Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

O C Carbonyl group O C Ester R OR' Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

O C Carbonyl group O C Amide R NH 2 Many classes of organic compounds contain a carbonyl group

C n H 2n Introduction to Alkanes: Methane, Ethane, and Propane

Methane (CH 4 ) CH 4 Ethane (C 2 H 6 )CH 3 CH 3 Propane (C 3 H 8 )CH 3 CH 2 CH 3 bp -160°C bp -89°C bp -42°C The Simplest Alkanes

C 4 H Isomeric Alkanes: The Butanes

n-ButaneCH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isobutane(CH 3 ) 3 CH bp -0.4°C bp -10.2°C

2.6 Higher n-Alkanes

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Pentane n-Hexane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 n-Heptane

2.7 The C 5 H 12 Isomers

n-Pentane CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Isopentane (CH 3 ) 2 CHCH 2 CH 3 Neopentane (CH 3 ) 4 C C 5 H 12

How many isomers? The number of isomeric alkanes increases as the number of carbons increase. There is no simple way to predict how many isomers there are for a particular molecular formula.

Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 2 H 6 1 C 3 H 8 1 C 4 H 10 2 C 5 H 12 3 C 6 H 14 5 C 7 H 16 9

Table 2.3 Number of Constitutionally Isomeric Alkanes CH 4 1 C 8 H C 2 H 6 1 C 9 H C 3 H 8 1 C 10 H C 4 H 10 2 C 15 H 32 4,347 C 5 H 12 3 C 20 H ,319 C 6 H 14 5 C 40 H 82 62,491,178,805,831 C 7 H 16 9

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