MACROSCOPY and MICROSCOPY of PLANT PARTS By Dr. M. RAMAIAH, M. Pharm., Ph.D., IPDRA, DICT(USA) Associate Professor Department of Pharmacognosy&Phytochemistry Hindu College of Pharmacy, Guntur, A.P. India

Objective: A Tool for Standardization of Herbal Drugs

Occurrence of drug in the market: Entire: 2-Leave: 1-Seed: 4-Fruit: 5-Underground : 3-Flower:

Occurrence of drug in the market: B) Cut or sliced: Cinnamon (bark) Squill (bulb) C) Powder: D) Exudate: (unorganized) E) Galenical preparation: Extraction 2)Tincture 3)Infusion

Occurrence of drug in the market: Cut or Sliced: 1-Cinnamon: 2-Squill: Exudate: 1-Opium:

The Leaf

What is the leaf? It is the flat, thin, green and lateral out growth of the stem. Axial: angle b/t leaf and stem.

Complete leaf is composed of: Lamina Petiole base Types of leaf either: Petiolate Sessile

Diagram of entire leaf:

Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf

Diagram of T.S. of midrib of a leaf : Spongy cell endoderm vascular bundles contains: xylem [3] & phloem [4] . 5) pericyclic fiber (may present or not). 6) Cortical tissue: * we use Chloralhydrate + phloroglycinol +conc. HCL why?

dicot leaf with midrib(100x)

Diagram of a leaf section.

Transverse section of a leaf

Types of Palisade: Continuous palisade: Interrupted palisade:

Isobilateral: Dorsiventral: or

The stem

What is the stem ? It`s a part of plant w`carry the leaf at a point called node.

Types of the stem: Shapes of the stem: 1- Aerial stem 2- Subterranean stem. Shapes of the stem: 1- Cylindrical 2- angular (triangular,quadrangular & penta- gonal).

Kinds of the stem: Direction of growth: 1- Herbaceous stem. 2- succulent stem 3- woody stem Direction of growth: 1- Ascending 2- Recycling 3- procumbent 4- Decumbent 5- Repent

Diagram of a section of the young stem of a dicotyledon

Microscopy of a stem-dicot

Transverse section of a sunflower stem- a dicotyledon

The Bark

What is the bark? The portion of the trunk, stem, branches or roots of woody plant especially trees or shrubs, exterior to the cambium.

Shapes of the bark: Flat e.g.Quillaia Curved bark e.g.wild cherry Recurved e.g.pomegrante, kurchi Channeled e.g. Cassia, asoka 5) Single quill e.g.Cascara 6) Double quill e.g. Frangula 7) Compound quill e.g. Cinnamon

T.s. of a bark 1- Rhytidoma (1a-cuticle 1b-epidermis) 2-Cork 3-Cork Cambium 4-phelloderm 5-cortex 6-Pericycle

The Flower

What is Flower?? Modified shoot meant for production of seeds

Complete flower composed of: Receptacle (Enlarged tip of a stem that bears the floral parts) 2) Calyx (outer most layer, green in colour) 3) Corolla (secondary layer) 4) Androecium (male part contains stamens) 5) Gynaecium (female part contains carpel)

What is Fruit?? Fruit consists of the fertilized and mature ovules, called seeds, and the ovary wall  Some fruits have seeds enclosed within the ovary (apples, peaches, oranges, squash, cucumbers). Others have seeds that are situated on the periphery of fruit tissue (corn, strawberry).

Types of Fruits 1.Simple fruits, 2.Aggregate fruits or 3.Multiple fruits

Simple fruits are those which develop from a single ovary Simple fruits are those which develop from a single ovary. These include cherries and peaches (drupe), pears and apples (pome), and tomatoes (berries). Aggregate fruits, such as raspberries come from a single flower which has many ovaries like Strawberry and blackberry Multiple fruits are derived from a tight cluster of separate, independent flowers borne on a single structure Example: Pineapple.

What is Seed? The seed, or matured ovule is made up of three parts. The embryo. Most seeds contain a built-in food supply called the endosperm The endosperm can be made up of proteins, carbohydrates or fats. The third part a hard outer covering called a  seed coat. It protects the seed from disease and insects, and prevents water from entering the seed which would initiate the germination process before the proper time.

What is Root? It is essential for their growth, flowering, and fruiting Types of Roots A primary (radicle) root originates at the lower end of the embryo of a seedling plant.  A lateral, or secondary root is a side or branch root which arises from another root. A fibrous root system is one in which the primary root ceases to elongate, leading to the development of numerous lateral roots

Diagram of a root section

Microscopy of a Root -dicot

Plant tissues

Sclerenchyma Cells

parenchyma cells

cortical fibers, slcereids, and plasmodesmata (1000x)

Detail of the central vascular cylinder Detail of the central vascular cylinder. Note the endodermis, the pericycle tissue, the xylem and the phloem.

epidermis and palisade mesophyll (1000x)

fibers and vessel members-macerated wood (100x)

glandular trichome of leaf (1000x)

Stomata and epidermal cells of a leaf

midrib tissue closeup (1000x)

midrib vascular and supportive tissues (400x)

palisade and spongy mesophyll with veins (400x)

Phloem

xylem

vascular cambium, phloem and xylem

Thank you