Human Growth & Development Chapter 12

Objectives List factors affecting growth and development Name major developments for each stage of life Describe Kubler-Ross’s stages of grief Discuss developmental theories of Erikson, Havighurst, and Freud Describe each level of Maslow’s hierarchy of basic human needs

Growth and Development Occur throughout the life span Growth – increase in body size or changes in body cell structure, function, and complexity Development – orderly pattern of changes in structure, thoughts, feelings, or behaviors resulting from maturation, life experiences, and learning.

Factors Influencing Growth and Development Heredity Prenatal factors (mother’s age/health during pregnancy) Caregiver factors (mental illness) Individual differences (hearing, vision impairments) Health/Illness Environment – including culture Nutrition

Stages of Growth & Development 2 Overall Periods – Childhood and adulthood Childhood Stages Embryo, fetus, neonate, infant, toddler, preschooler, school aged, adolescent Adult Stages Young adult, middle adult, older adult

Embryo & Fetus Pregnancy begins with fertilization of an ovum and ends with delivery of a fetus 38 week period of development (gestation) During this time all body systems grow and develop By birth, the average infant is 7.5lbs and 20 inches long

Neonate Birth to 28 days Baby goes though many changes to adjust to the outside world Respiratory/Circulatory systems change as they become independent of the umbilical cord Reflexes: sucking, swallowing, blinking, sneezing yawning, etc. Body temperature responds quickly to environment Senses (hearing, sight) develop Active crying state and quiet alert state

Infant From 1 month – to 1 year, extremely rapid growth Brain grows to ½ size of adult brain Heart doubles in weight Height increases by 50%, weight triples Teething – 4-6 months

Infant Learns to crawl, walk, use building blocks, attempts to feed self By 1 year, can usually say a few words Bonds with people are formed Social vs. Cognitive play

Toddler 1 – 3 years old, growth and development continue rapidly, but not as fast as the infant stage Brain grows rapidly Arms, legs, and muscles grow Learns to: walk forward & backward, run, kick, climb stairs, ride a tricycle, drink from a cup, use a spoon, turn pages, draw stick people

Toddler By 2 ½ to 3 years, has bladder control during the day and sometimes at night By age 2, toddler begins to use short sentences Has a sense of self and gender identity Increased independence from mother begins

Preschool 3-6 years old, growth is slower, but still steady By age 6, head is close to adult size Body is less chubby, becomes leaner and more coordinated Baby teeth begin to fall out Learns to: Skip, throw, catch, copy figures, print Socialization with other children increases Frequent questions, improved reasoning

School Aged 6-12 years old Brain reaches 90-95% of adult size, nervous system is almost mature Thinks logically and used inductive reasoning to problem solve Peer relationships determine status, skill, likeability

Adolescent Begins with puberty, ends around 18 years of age, but varies with each individual Feet, legs, hands grow rapidly as muscle mass increases Uses deductive, reflective and hypothetical reasoning Understands abstract concepts Self-centeredness, day dreaming is common

Young Adult From age 18 to about 40 Full growth and development is complete by mid 20s When compared to adolescents, young adults are more creative, more objective and realistic, less self-centered. Major developments – choosing a career, starting a family

Middle Aged Adult years old Increased personal freedom, economic stability, social relationships Increased responsibility Aware on one’s own mortality

Older Adult Begins at 65 Decline in various functions Depending on the person’s outlook on life, events such as retirement, loss of health/income, isolation can be devastating

Death and Dying Elisabeth Kubler-Ross – studied people’s emotional responses when dealing with death 1. Denial – person denies that he or she will die, thinks Dr. made a mistake. 2. Anger – person expresses rage and hostility, adopts a “why me?” attitude 3. Bargaining – Person tried to barter for more time. “If I can just make it to my son’s graduation, I’ll be satisfied.”

Death and Dying 4. Depression – Period of grief before death. Characterized by crying and not speaking much 5. Acceptance – Person feels tranquil. Has accepted death and is prepared to die Stages may overlap, timing depends on the person

Theories of Development Erik Erikson Robert J. Havighurst Sigmund Freud Maslow’s Hierarchy of Basic Human Needs