Chemistry Fundamentals

#1 Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space.

#2 There are 3 states of matter. There are 3 states of matter.

#3 Solid Solids have a definite shape. In solids, the molecules making up the solid are moving very slowly. Solids would have the lowest level of kinetic energy of all the states of matter.

#4 Liquid Liquids DO NOT have a definite shape. Liquids DO NOT have a definite shape. The shape of a liquid depends upon what the liquid is in. The shape of a liquid depends upon what the liquid is in. Liquids have the molecules making them up moving with higher kinetic energy than the molecules of a solid. Liquids have the molecules making them up moving with higher kinetic energy than the molecules of a solid. Liquids would have more kinetic energy than a solid would have. Liquids would have more kinetic energy than a solid would have.

#5 Gas Gases have very high kinetic energy. Gases have very high kinetic energy. The molecules of a gas are moving very fast. The molecules of a gas are moving very fast. A gas will expand to fill any space it is in. A gas will expand to fill any space it is in.

#6 Solid Solid Liquid Liquid Gas Gas

#7 Water Water is a solid below 0 degrees Celsius Water is a solid below 0 degrees Celsius Water is a liquid between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius Water is a liquid between 0 degrees Celsius and 100 degrees Celsius Water is a gas above 100 degrees Celsius Water is a gas above 100 degrees Celsius

#8 Temperature Scales Temperature Scale CelsiusFahrenheit Water Freezes 032 Body Temperature Water Boils

#9 There is another temperature scale that scientists sometimes us. It is called the Kelvin Scale. There is another temperature scale that scientists sometimes us. It is called the Kelvin Scale. The Kelvin scale begins at absolute zero. The Kelvin scale begins at absolute zero. Absolute zero is the same as -273 Celsius and also the same as -469 Fahrenheit. Absolute zero is the same as -273 Celsius and also the same as -469 Fahrenheit. Absolute zero has never been reached, even in a laboratory. Absolute zero has never been reached, even in a laboratory.

More #9 In theory, all motion, including the motion of molecules stops at absolute zero. In theory, all motion, including the motion of molecules stops at absolute zero. If that was to happen, matter would disintegrate, If that was to happen, matter would disintegrate, That means it would fall apart. That means it would fall apart.

#10 Matter can undergo physical changes. Matter can undergo physical changes. When a physical change of matter occurs, the shape or appearance of that matter may change, but the matter does not change into a new substance. When a physical change of matter occurs, the shape or appearance of that matter may change, but the matter does not change into a new substance.

More #10 When water freezes, it is still water. When water freezes, it is still water. When water boils, it changes to vapor, it remains water. When water boils, it changes to vapor, it remains water. When there is a physical change, no chemical reaction or change occurs. When there is a physical change, no chemical reaction or change occurs.

#11 Other examples of physical changes would include- Cutting a wooden board into many pieces Cutting a wooden board into many pieces Crushing a rock into small pieces Crushing a rock into small pieces Dissolving salt in water Dissolving salt in water Freezing kool aid to make popsicles Freezing kool aid to make popsicles In each case above, the make up of the substances is not changed chemically in any way In each case above, the make up of the substances is not changed chemically in any way

#12 Chemical changes are much different than physical changes. Chemical changes are much different than physical changes. When a chemical change occurs, a new compound with new properties is created. When a chemical change occurs, a new compound with new properties is created.

More #12 Chemical changes usually involve some type of change of energy. Chemical changes usually involve some type of change of energy. (When a match burns, it produces heat and light, because the chemicals making up the match are changed by combining with oxygen.) (When a match burns, it produces heat and light, because the chemicals making up the match are changed by combining with oxygen.)

#13 When substances burn, they are combining with oxygen. When substances burn, they are combining with oxygen. This process is called oxidation. This process is called oxidation. When oxidation occurs, heat and sometimes light are given off. When oxidation occurs, heat and sometimes light are given off. This is a release of chemical energy. This is a release of chemical energy.

#14 When substances burn, they do so because they are chemically unstable. When substances burn, they do so because they are chemically unstable. Hydrogen is an element that is very unstable. Hydrogen is an element that is very unstable. You never find hydrogen alone by itself. You never find hydrogen alone by itself. Hydrogen is almost always chemically combined with other elements. Hydrogen is almost always chemically combined with other elements. Such as with oxygen to form H2O, which is water. Such as with oxygen to form H2O, which is water.

#15 Examples of chemical changes would include Burning wood/paper/matches Burning wood/paper/matches Rusting of iron Rusting of iron Alka seltzer dissolving in water for the rocket lab Alka seltzer dissolving in water for the rocket lab Digesting lunch in your tummy Digesting lunch in your tummy Photosynthesis in plants Photosynthesis in plants

#16 Atoms, which are the basic, fundamental particles that make up all matter cannot be broken down by burning, dissolving, or any other simple process. Atoms, which are the basic, fundamental particles that make up all matter cannot be broken down by burning, dissolving, or any other simple process. The protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms can only be broken down by a nuclear process The protons, neutrons, and electrons that make up atoms can only be broken down by a nuclear process

#17 All matter is made up of some combination of elements. All matter is made up of some combination of elements. There are over 100 elements that have been identified. There are over 100 elements that have been identified. The elements are listed on the Periodic Table The elements are listed on the Periodic Table

#18 When elements combine chemically, they form a chemical compound. When elements combine chemically, they form a chemical compound. When hydrogen and oxygen chemically combine, they form water, which is a chemical compound. When hydrogen and oxygen chemically combine, they form water, which is a chemical compound.

#19 Sometimes substances will physically mix together without a chemical reaction occurring. When this happens, a mixture is formed.

More #19 Examples of Mixtures Salt dissolving in water Air is an example of a mixture Chocolate milk is an example of a mixture

More #19 Physical change examples Physical change examples -cutting paper -cutting your hair -painting something -painting something -crushing a can -melting plastic -Dissolving salt in water

#20 Chemical change-the chemical makeup of substances is altered, creating a new substance Chemical change-the chemical makeup of substances is altered, creating a new substance -chemical changes are usually not reversible -chemical changes are usually not reversible

#21 Chemical change examples : Chemical change examples : Burning anything Burning anything Rusting of metal Rusting of metal Alka- seltzer dissolving Alka- seltzer dissolving Digesting food Digesting food Photosynthesis in plants Photosynthesis in plants

#22 Atoms are the basic particles that make up all matter Atoms are the basic particles that make up all matter The basic parts of atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. The basic parts of atoms are protons, neutrons, and electrons. Since protons, neutrons, and electrons are smaller than atoms, they can be called sub-atomic particles Since protons, neutrons, and electrons are smaller than atoms, they can be called sub-atomic particles