Teotihuacan, Mayas, Olmecs

Olmec sculpture

Chichen Itza

Teotihuacan

Chinese and European voyages of exploration, Chinese and European voyages of exploration, Page: 596 Page: 596

European exploration in the Atlantic Ocean, Page: 615 Page: 615

European exporation in the Pacific Ocean, European exporation in the Pacific Ocean, Page: 620 Page: 620

Nina, Pinta, Santa Maria

Fall of the Aztecs In 1519, Hernan Cortes and 600 soldiers landed on the Mexican coast. Aztec king was Montezuma II. Legend was that a former Aztec ruler-god, Quetzalcoatl, would return to claim his kingdom.

Quetzalcoatl

Herna Cortes Spanish had horses and superior weapons. Aztec enemies united with the Spanish. In 1520, Cortes, his soldiers, and thousands of anti-Aztec warriors defeated the Aztecs.

Montezuma

Dona Marina

Conquistadors: Hernan Cortes

Machu Picchu

Fall of the Incas In 1531, Francisco Pizarro landed in present-day Ecuador. Inca emperor Atahualpa was killed. By 1533, the Incas were defeated.

Conquistadors: Inca Rebellion

Bartolome de las Casas Spanish Catholic priest who participated in the conquest of Cuba (1511). In 1542, he wrote, The Destruction of the Indies—a harsh criticism of the Spanish conquest.

hist.umn.edu Some historians believe that by 1900, the population of Native Americans had fallen by 90%. It is estimated that the native population of present-day Mexico was at least 12 million before the Spaniards arrived and dropped to around 1 million by 1600.

Columbianexchangevhinkle.com Europe Americas received received potatoeshorses tobacco pigs corn rice tomatoes wheat chocolate sugar syphillissmallpox scarlet fever scarlet fever measles measles enslaved Africans enslaved Africans

Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, Manila galleon route and the lands of Oceania, Page: 689 Page: 689

Colonial rule (early 1500s to early 1800s) in Latin America Treaty of Tordesillas (1494): Division of Latin America between Spain and Portugal. Viceroys (governors) ruled.

European Colonies in the Americas, 1700

Colonial Latin America social class system PeninsularesCreoles Castizas, mestizas, mulattoes, zambos, blacks, Native Americans Peninsulares: People born in Spain or Portugal. Creoles: People born in Latin America whose ancestors were from Europe.

Sanfranciscosenttinal.com From 1518 to 1817, approximately 5.2 million Africans arrived as slaves (3.7 million went to present-day Brazil).

Independence Movement in Latin America Toussaint Louverture Slaves and free mulattoes revolted in Hispaniola in Ex-slave, Toussaint Louverture, led revolutionaries against the French. Haiti became an independent country in 1804.

Simon Bolivar Jose San Martin In 1810, fighting against the colonial armies broke out in Latin America. The rebels had two main generals: Simon Bolivar and Jose San Martin.

Bernardo O’Higgins of Chile By 1830, nearly all the countries of Latin America were run by caudillos— usually former rebel generals who ruled as dictators.

Mexico Miguel Hidalgo, a priest, led an unsuccessful revolt against Spanish rule in Independence Day: September 16.

Augustin de Iturbide In 1821, Spain recognized Mexican independence by the Treaty of Cordoba. General Augustin de Iturbide ruled as emperor until 1823.

Santa Anna 1836: Texas revolution against Mexican rule against Mexican rule and the Battle of the and the Battle of the Alamo. Texas became Alamo. Texas became an independent an independent republic. It was republic. It was annexed (taken over) annexed (taken over) by the U.S. in by the U.S. in 1845.

: U.S.-Mexican War (War of the North American Invasion). U.S. won and gained California and much of the southwest.

Westward expansion of the United States during the 19 th century. Westward expansion of the United States during the 19 th century. Page: 874 Page: 874

The Mexican-American War ( ) The Mexican-American War ( )

Benito Juarez : A Native American, Benito American, Benito Juarez, was elected Juarez, was elected president. His reforms president. His reforms (War of Reform) (War of Reform) angered conservatives. angered conservatives. France intervened and France intervened and tried to establish a tried to establish a colony in Mexico. colony in Mexico.

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon) 1862: Battle of Puebla: Mexican forces Mexican forces defeated a better defeated a better equipped French army equipped French army on May 5 (Cinco de on May 5 (Cinco de Mayo). Mayo).

Emperor Maximilian of Mexico : Austrian archduke Maximilian archduke Maximilian ruled as emperor of ruled as emperor of Mexico until his forces Mexico until his forces were defeated and he were defeated and he was executed. was executed.

Carlota

1867: Juarez reelected as president and ruled president and ruled until his death in until his death in : Porfirio Diaz ruled as dictator until ruled as dictator until he was overthrown in he was overthrown in 1911 (Mexican 1911 (Mexican Revolution). Revolution).

Emiliano Zapata

Pancho Villa

Vicente Fox Felipe Calderon : The same political party (PRI) political party (PRI) ruled until ruled until present: Felipe Calderon is the Calderon is the current president. current president.

Stephen Harper: Prime Minister of Canada