The Phonology of Articulatory Reduction and Gradience. Theories & Methods Joaquín Romero Universitat Rovira i Virgili Haskins Laboratories Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea November 28, 2005

2 outline articulatory phonetics in perspective articulation and the phonetics-phonology interface. Articulatory Phonology part I data acquisition techniques part II own work articulatory reduction categorical vs. gradient processes

3 part I articulatory phonetics in perspective early interest in description of articulation Henry Sweet, Daniel Jones, Alexander M. Bell observation of jaw and lip movement, laryngeal vibration, etc. development of a phonetic alphabet kymograph, palatograph, X-ray and cineradiography Figs 3-1, 3-2 Cineradiography movies

4 part I articulatory phonetics in perspective shift to interest in acoustics advancement in sound recording techniques development of sound spectrography acoustics-driven synthesis (Pattern Playback) The Acoustic Theory of Speech Production (Fant 1960) Development of feature theory Search for acoustic correlates to phonological features

5 part I articulatory phonetics in perspective recent developments in speech production mismatch between acoustics and features technological development in digital articulatory transduction techniques optoelectronic devices magnetometry, resonance imaging and ultrasound electropalatography & electroglottography laryngeal transillumination techniques development of relationship phonology/articulation development of relationship perception/articulation Articulatory Phonology Motor Theory of Speech Perception

6 part I traditional separation between two levels phonetics-phonology interface PHONOLOGY discrete units 'pool' pul –sil +lab –voic +sil –ant +high +sil +son +cor PHONETICS continuous units

7 part I traditional separation between two levels phonetics-phonology interface PHONOLOGY discrete units 'pool' pul –sil +lab –voic +sil –ant +high +sil +son +cor PHONETICS continuous units VOT: 100 ms F1: 350 Hz F2: 800 Hz formant discontinuity lip rounding long vocalized u´lu´l

8 are the discreet building blocks of phonology part I Browman & Goldstein articulatory phonology Saltzman, Bird, Smith, Gick, Honorof, Romero derive phonological patterns from articulatory movements (gestures) speech is similar to other motor-control systems articulatory gestures have a dual nature act as continuous units of phonetic organization gestures are specified spatially and temporally

9 part I tract variables articulatory phonology articulators involved LPlip protrusion LAlip aperture TTCLtongue tip constriction location TTCDtongue tip constriction degree TBCLtongue body constriction location TBCDtongue body constriction degree VELvelic aperture GLOglottal aperture upper & lower lips, jaw tongue tip, tongue body, jaw tongue body, jaw velum glottis LP TBCD TTCL TTCD TBCL LA VEL GLO

10 part I articulatory phonology Lips Tongue Tip Tongue Dorsum Velum Glottis time p u u l l H pul 'pool' ´ wide clo neut alv clo vel narrow vel wide narrow protr alv mid lip rounding vocalized u´lu´l

11 part I articulatory phonology Lips Tongue Tip Tongue Dorsum Velum Glottis time p Q n n H pQn 'pan' clo neut alv clo wide pal wide nasalization

12 part I articulatory phonology phonological variation due to two main processes: overlap of articulatory gestures in time reduction in magnitude assimilatory processes are not discrete but gradient

13 part I articulatory phonology phonological variation due to two main processes: overlap of articulatory gestures in time reduction in magnitude assimilatory processes are not discrete but gradient Lips Tongue Tip Tongue Dorsum Velum Glottis time p Q n n H lab clo alv clo wide pal wide

14 part I articulatory phonology phonological variation due to two main processes: overlap of articulatory gestures in time reduction in magnitude assimilatory processes are not discrete but gradient Lips Tongue Tip Tongue Dorsum Velum Glottis time p u u l l H ´ wide lab clo vel narrow vel wide lab narrow alv mid

15 part I articulatory phonology phonological variation due to two main processes: overlap of articulatory gestures in time reduction in magnitude assimilatory processes are not discrete but gradient l l Lips Tongue Tip Tongue Dorsum Velum Glottis time p u u H ´ wide lab clo vel narrow vel wide lab narrow alv mid alv wide F

16 part I articulatory phonology modelling of speech production principles articulatory synthesis: Haskins ASYHaskins ASY

17 part I measuring articulation X-Ray Cine; MRI whole tract Pressure transducers subglottal pressure Respitrace lung volume Photoglottography transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Velotrace velum movement Photoglossometry tongue-palate distance Electropalatography tongue-palate contact Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure Accelerometer nasal airflow Optical tracker lip and jaw movement Magnetometer; X-Ray microbeam tongue movement Ultrasound tongue shape Electro- myography muscle activity

18 part I measuring articulation X-Ray Cine; MRI whole tract Pressure transducers subglottal pressure Respitrace lung volume Photoglottography transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Velotrace velum movement Photoglossometry tongue-palate distance Electropalatography tongue-palate contact Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure Accelerometer nasal airflow Optical tracker lip and jaw movement Magnetometer; X-Ray microbeam tongue movement Ultrasound tongue shape Electro- myography muscle activity

19 part I measuring articulation X-Ray Cine; MRI whole tract Pressure transducers subglottal pressure Respitrace lung volume Photoglottography transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Velotrace velum movement Photoglossometry tongue-palate distance Electropalatography tongue-palate contact Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure Accelerometer nasal airflow Optical tracker lip and jaw movement Magnetometer; X-Ray microbeam tongue movement Ultrasound tongue shape Electro- myography muscle activity

20 part I measuring articulation X-Ray Cine; MRI whole tract Pressure transducers subglottal pressure Respitrace lung volume Photoglottography transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Velotrace velum movement Photoglossometry tongue-palate distance Electropalatography tongue-palate contact Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure Accelerometer nasal airflow Optical tracker lip and jaw movement Magnetometer; X-Ray microbeam tongue movement Ultrasound tongue shape Electro- myography muscle activity

21 part I measuring articulation Photoglottography (Laryngeal Transillumination) transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Fig 21-1 Laryngograph Fig 21-2 Laryngeal Transillumination rocedures/Transillumination.html

22 part I measuring articulation Photoglottography (Laryngeal Transillumination) transglottal area Electroglottography glottal aperture Fig 22-1 Laryngograph Fig 22-2 Static images of vocal folds ml Fig 22-3 Dynamic movement of vocal folds

23 part I measuring articulation Electropalatography tongue-palate contact Fig D Palatography Display liti/facilities/physiology/epg.html#3D Fig 23-1 Custom-made artificial palate Fig D Palatography Display liti/facilities/physiology/epg.html#3D

24 part I measuring articulation Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure

25 part I measuring articulation Rothenberg mask oral airflow and pressure

26 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement HELMET

27 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement RECEIVERS

28 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

29 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

30 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

31 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

32 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

33 part I measuring articulation Magnetometer tongue movement

34 part II articulatory reduction articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish rate and context dependent tongue-tip reduction investigating articulation gradient nature of phonological processes variability in spirantization context-conditioned variability in American English role of duration in articulatory processes historical rhotacism

35 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction +voiced -sonorant +sonorant a place -a placeTARGETTRIGGER -continuant +continuant da vs. cada va vs. cava gas vs. pagas

36 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction what is the nature of the alternation? alternation stop / continuant what is the nature of the continuant? fricative approximant

37 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction what is the nature of the alternation? alternation stop / continuant what is the nature of the continuant? fricative approximant /ada//QD´’/

38 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction what is the nature of the alternation? alternation stop / continuant what is the nature of the continuant? fricative approximant /ada/ /Aro/

39 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction what is the nature of the alternation? alternation stop / continuant what is the nature of the continuant? fricative approximant mb p sb b

40 part II articulatory nature of spirantization in Spanish articulatory reduction spirantization as gestural reduction incomplete target achievement spirantizationgestural reduction deocclusivization [B], [D], [ƒ] fricative approximant reduced stop incomplete stop [B¢], [D¢], [ƒ] ¢ [b¢], [d¢], [g] ¢

41 part II rate and context dependent tongue tip reduction articulatory reduction /t/ and /d/ flapping in American English (Sidney Martin) atomic vs. atom Adonis vs. Adam /t/ vs. /R/ /d/ vs. /R/ observe variability in reduction magnitude based on context atomic / adoring daughter / dodder haunted / launder forty / Geordie faulter / scalded speaking ratenormal fast oral airflow

42 part II rate and context dependent tongue tip reduction articulatory reduction /t/ and /d/ flapping in American English (Sidney Martin)

43 part II rate and context dependent tongue tip reduction articulatory reduction /t/ and /d/ flapping in American English (Sidney Martin) flapping can be considered a reduction process airflow rates decrease with speaking rate flapping contexts show lowest airflow reduction reflected in consonant duration and airflow articulatory reduction affects the entire gesture

44 part II variability in spirantization in Spanish reduction in voiced stops is not categorical, but gradient and context dependent (Romero) articulatory gradience

45 part II variability in spirantization in Spanish reduction in voiced stops is not categorical, but gradient and context dependent (Romero) articulatory gradience

46 part II variability in spirantization in Spanish reduction in voiced stops is not categorical, but gradient and context dependent (Romero) articulatory gradience

47 part II variability in spirantization in Spanish reduction in voiced stops is not categorical, but gradient and context dependent (Romero) articulatory gradience LIP APERTURE

48 part II context-conditioned variability in American English result of flapping shows gradience (Romero & Recasens) articulatory gradience

49 part II context-conditioned variability in American English result of flapping shows gradience (Romero & Recasens) articulatory gradience

50 part II context-conditioned variability in American English result of flapping shows gradience (Romero & Recasens) articulatory gradience

51 part II context-conditioned variability in American English result of flapping shows gradience (Romero & Recasens) articulatory gradience

52 part II context-conditioned variability in American English result of flapping shows gradience (Romero & Recasens) articulatory gradience

53 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration common historical sound change: dental/alveolar fricatives /s/-/z/ rhotic consonant (flap/tap) /R/ diachronic examples: Latin genus – generis kind Old Eng ceosan – curon choose os – oris mouth leosan - luron lose

54 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration common historical sound change: dental/alveolar fricatives /s/-/z/ rhotic consonant (flap/tap) /R/ synchronic examples: Spanish doscientos - dorcientos two-hundred Catalan esmena - ermena correction dos veces - dor veces twice es dit - er dit the finger

55 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration look at synchronic data to explain historical sound changes temporal reduction results in perceptual categorical shift reduction in duration of /s/-/z/-/t/-/d/ rhotic consonant (flap/tap) /R/

56 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration cross language study intervocalic onset /z/ in Catalan preconsonantal coda /s/ in Spanish /z/  /R/ basa /baz´/ /s/  /R/  carta /kaRta/  vara /baR´/ kasta /kasta/ intervocalic onset /z/ in English /z/  /R/  rattle /rQRl/razzle /rQzl/

57 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration signal manipulation /»baz´/

58 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration Catalan /»baz´/ /»baR´//b´»za/ /b´»Ra/

59 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration signal manipulation /»rQzl/  /»rQRl/ /»rQzl/ /»rQRl/

60 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration /»lIz´’d/ /»lIR´’d/ /»rQzl/ /»rQRl/ English

61 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration Spanish /»kaspa/ /»kaRpa/ /»kasta/ /»kaRta/ /»kaska/ /»kaRka/

62 part II historical rhotacism and duration reduction role of duration reduction in the duration of the TT gesture of /z/-/s/ prevents build up of pressure necessary for frication leftover movement is re-interpreted as /R/ duration (time dimension) has to be an essential component of any phonological description sound changes which appear to be arbitrary can be more easily understood and explained when we take into consideration the temporal dimension

63 articulatory phonetics and phonology epilogue current technological developments permit in-depth study of speech production articulatory organization can be viewed as underlying phonological structure much phonological variation can be accounted for by simple articulatory mechanisms that are not disimilar to other motor-control activities a variety of data can be obtained with relatively simple techniques much remains to be investigated…