Chapter 7 – Life in the New Nation Pages

American Scholars and Artists Worked to establish a national character and improve the lives of American citizens – Mercy Otis Warren – a writer – Benjamin Rush – doctor, scientist, revolutionary – Benjamin Banneker – writer, inventor, and astronomer, medical professor – Charles Willson Peale – an artist, inventor, and father – Phillis Wheatley – a poet

Education Noah Webster Wrote The American Spelling Book Called for standards for a national language Compiled first major dictionary – American Dictionary of the English Language

Republican Virtues Americans looked to women to set the standards for character and virtues – Included self-reliance, hard work, frugality, harmony, and sacrificing the needs of the individual for good of the community.

Population Growth Population dramatically increased from 1780 through 1830 – 2.7 Million people in the original 13 states in 1780 – 12 Million people in 24 states in 1830 – Median age was 17 years – Swelling population came from increase in birth rates, not immigration

Social Mobility Americans were not trapped in a caste system or feudal system Able to move around the country Effects of a mobile society 1) Americans were not held to their land 2) People lived among strangers

Second Great Awakening Began in the backcountry of Kentucky and Tennessee in the early 1800’s Evangelical movement that affected Protestant Christians Democratic

New Denominations Baptist – 2 nd largest denomination Methodist – largest denomination 1) Focuses on a person’s personal relationship with God, not religious doctrines 2) Preachers were common folk 3) Traveling ministers 4) Huge camp outs

New Denominations Unitarians – deeply affected social reform in New England Mormons – founded by John Smith in western and central New York Millennialists – thought the United States would lead the world into the new millennium African-American worship – mixed traditions – African Methodist Episcopal Church

Settling the Wilderness Daniel Boone – settled in the trans-Appalachia region – hired by Transylvania Company to cut Wilderness Road through the Cumberland Gap – enabled the settlement of the Ohio Valley New States – Ohio, Indiana, Illinois African American Settlers – 98,000 slaves came with their owners

Forcing Native Americans West American government developed a plan to help settlers by pressuring Native American tribes move into the Louisiana Territory Over time, Native Americans gave up their land Settled on reservations west of the Mississippi River – Indian Country

Spanish Occupation of Florida Pinckney Treaty 1) Southern boundary of US set at 31 ̊ N 2) US citizens allowed free use of the Mississippi River 3) Both countries agreed to control the Native Americans and to stop them from attacking the other’s territory

Spanish Occupation of Florida Spain was occupied by the uprisings in South America, paid little attention to Florida Americans began moving east into Florida Seminoles began attacking settlements in Georgia, and allowed escaped slaves to live among them Andrew Jackson put in charge of protecting the settlers

Seminole Wars American troops burned Seminole villages and captured Spanish towns Within a few weeks, controlled western Florida Americans happy, both Spain and US Congress angered

Seminole Wars President Monroe and John Quincy Adams accused Spain of breaking Pinckney’s Treaty After arguing with the Americans, Spain decided to cede Florida Adams-Onis Treaty 1) Spain gives up Florida to the United States 2) Fix the boundary between the Louisiana Purchase and Spanish Territory 1) United States gives up its claims to huge territory in the Southwest, including parts of present-day Texas

The Oregon Country Manifest Destiny Inhabited by several Native American tribes Mountain Men – adopted ways of the Native Americans – used Native American trails through the Rockies to California and Oregon Religious Leaders – began to send missions out west, inviting more trouble than goodwill

Overland Travelers The Oregon Trail – starting in 1842, organized wagon trains from Missouri carried masses of migrants to the west by way of the Oregon Trail – Trail took travelers to the Northwest, in Oregon – trip took 4-6 months – cost $500 - $1,000 people sold their farms to afford it – travelers wanted land and to trade goods – disease biggest problem for the travelers The Santa Fe Trail – Took travelers south and southwest to California

Mormon Migration Harassment by their neighbors forced them to migrate to Ohio, then to Missouri, then to Illinois Brigham Young took over the church after Smith was murdered in Illinois Moved the church members outside of US territory, to the Great Salt Lake

California Gold Rush Gold discovered on John Sutter’s land in California News inspired “Gold Fever” – the reason most migrants moved west Caused a population explosion in California – 1848 – 14,000 – 1849 – 100,000 – 1852 – 200,000 Most “49ers” were men San Francisco benefited the most, while other towns became ghost towns after the rush

Plains Indians Nomadic tribes who hunted bison (buffalo) in the Great Plains Comanche controlled most of the Plains in the early 1800’s Once introduced to horses, they changed their ways of life – used horses to carry their possessions while they tracked bison – enabled them to move around faster and hunt more bison

New Nations and Settlers 3 new states admitted to the Union – Iowa (1846) – Wisconsin (1848) – Minnesota (1858) Native Americans formed warfare parties to raid settlers in the new states Agricultural Native Americans suffered because of this

Spanish Colonies Spain had limited settlements in present-day Texas and California – string of small towns along the Rio Grande Tried to make peace with the Native Americans in hopes they would help the Spanish control their claim in North America Feared losing California, so they set up small mission along the coastline They used the Native Americans to help build and maintain the missions – Akin to slave labor

Effects of Mexican Independence Mexico won its independence from Spain in 1821, after a 13 year struggle The Treaty of Cordoba gave Mexico its independence from Spain California, New Mexico, and Texas benefited from being independent – now free to elect representatives

Texas Independence Stephen Austin lead a group of American into Texas in 1822 to form a colony 3 years later 1,800 people lived in Austin’s colony People wanted to move there because of the cheap, fertile land By 1830 there were 7,000 Americans living in Texas, twice the number of Mexicans Mexico put a stop to immigration in 1830 because of this By 1835 there were 30,000 Americans living there

Texas Independence Mexico refused to let slaves into the region, a major problem for the Americans Americans argued they could not be profitable with slaved Stephen Austin worked to keep a ban on slavery from taking place

Texas Independence In 1833, General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna took power in Mexico and established himself dictator In 1835 American and Mexican troops clashed The Americans elected Sam Houston to lead the troops against Santa Anna’s men

The Battle of the Alamo The battle lasted 13 days, from February 23 rd to March 6 th, 1836 The Americans had less than 200 troops The Mexicans had 4,000 troops The Americans were led by William Travis and James Bowie Their goal was to hold the Mexican troops long enough to allow more American troops to arrive,

The Battle of the Alamo On March 6 th, Santa Anna’s troops forced their way inside the Alamo Santa Anna ordered his men to take no prisoners Travis, Bowie, Davy Crockett, and roughly 175 more men perished in the end

The End of the War for Independence Santa Anna divided his troops to finish off the Texan rebels In April of 1836, 800 Texans regrouped under Sam Houston and surprised Santa Anna Crying “Remember the Alamo!” they took down Santa’s Anna’s troops On May 14 th, they captured Santa Anna and forced him to sign the Treaty of Velasco – Formally recognized the Republic of Texas as independent from Mexico