Bellringer: 4/28  1. Pick up the paper by the door.  2. Take out your Modern World unit vocabulary for a HW check. After I have checked everyone’s vocab, I will put up the key for you to compare yours to. Make any necessary corrections.  3. Take out your Book Thief film analysis. We will be finishing the film today.

Indian & African Independence Movements Independence Maps

 Post WWI and WWII, many colonies desired independence.  Felt they deserved the right to self-determination.  What is SELF-DETERMINATION?  noun  : the right of the people of a particular place to choose the form of government they will have  : the freedom to make your own choices

Indian Independence

Where did the Indian Independence Movement take place?  Indian sub-continent  British India  Pakistan (former West Pakistan, formerly part of India)  Bangladesh (former East Pakistan, formerly part of India)  Sri Lanka (former Ceylon)

British Rule in India  British East India Company  1600s to 1854  Direct rule under the Crown  1854 to 1947  British looked down on Indians  Different culture, religion, controlled the Indian economy

Indian National Congress  When?  1885  Wanted Europeans to be held accountable to Indian Courts  Representative body  Goal = Independence for India  WORLD WAR II  Britain said India was at war with Germany WITHOUT asking the Congress  Congress resigned in 1939

Muslim League  When?  1906  Represent the rights of Muslims in India  Wanted a Muslim state separate from India  Wanted Britain to divide the nation and then leave (Partition of India)

“Quit India”  Britain offered to work out an independence plan after World War II  Indian National Congress REJECTS this  Gandhi  Complete separation (India and Great Britain) was the answer  Gandhi and 60,000 others were arrested

Gandhi’s philosophy  Leader of the Indian National Congress  Civil Disobedience  refusal to obey laws that are considered unfair  Passive Resistance  non-violent protest NO VIOLENCE!!!!

PROBLEM WITH INDEPENDENCE How Should India be divided? What happens when you have many groups of different religions and opinions?? *Muslim and Sikh minorities lived next to Hindus in some areas*

INDEPENDENCE  Violence  Massacres  TWO NATIONS ARE FORMED 1. India (Hindu) 2. Pakistan (Muslim)

 culturally divided between rival Hindus and Muslims  India’s leaders thought that peace would be better maintained if new countries were formed for each religion  Much violence actually ensued from this decision.

Jawaharlal Nehru  First Prime Minister of India  Close associate of Gandhi  1950 – INDIA BECOMES A REPUBLIC  World’s largest democratic nation  Federal system – powers to states  Constitution sought to prohibit caste discrimination  Nonalignment – not being an ally to the United States OR the Soviet Union

RECAP: Who is this?  Indira Gandhi  Daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru  Ruled India for almost 20 years  What did we learn about last unit?  Closer relationship with the U.S.S.R.  Started India’s nuclear program

African Independence Movements

Background  1930’s - many Africans demanding independence from European colonial powers.  Resentment toward imperial rule and economic exploitation grew.  WWII became a turning point during African history because many promises of self-rule were made as a result of Africa’s willingness to provide and open routes for supplies.

How did African countries gain Independence?  Africa was granted the right to self determination in the U.N. Charter  Peaceful vs. violent revolutions  Great Britain, France, Belgium, and Portugal lost their colonies in Africa.

West Africa – peaceful transition (from British and French rule, mostly) Algeria – War for Independence from France Kenya (Britain) – violent struggle under leadership of Kenyatta South Africa – Black Africans’ struggle against Apartheid: most famous leader is Nelson Mandela

British ColonyKenya  Violent struggle against the British  The Kikuya  Kenya’s largest ethnic group  led by Jomo Kenyatta  excluded from large political roles.  Jomo Kenyatta  1963 won election  they voted to gain independence from Great Britain  Founding president and liberation struggle icon  led Kenya from independence in 1963 until his death in 1978

French Colony Algeria  Algeria had to fight a violent war for independence from France  After more than a century of rule by France, Algerians fought through much of the 1950s to achieve independence in Algeria's primary political party, the National Liberation Front (FLN), has dominated politics ever since. In this picture, French authorities are rounding up Algerian suspects during violent confrontations at Philippeville, Algeria in August, 1955.

West Africa  In general, West Africa made a peaceful transition toward independence (from British and French rule, mostly).

Africa and the Cold War  There was an influence of superpower rivalry during Cold War.  Countries in Africa that longed and fought for independence often sought help from the super powers of the world: the US and the USSR.  This increased Cold War tensions as competition brewed over which super power and which ideology would grip newly independent African countries—would they choose democracy or communism???

South African Independence

Brief History  The Dutch East India Company landed the first European settlers on the Cape of Good Hope in 1652  Boers or Afrikaners  Spoke Dutch dialect known as Afrikaans  Britain took permanent possession in 1815 at the end of the Napoleonic Wars  African National Congress  Represent interests of Africans

Nelson Mandela

SOUTH AFRICA  Independence in 1910  Apartheid: system of racial laws that separates the races and keeps the black majority subordinate to the white minority  Gained political rights in 1990s  Apartheid and Election of Nelson Mandela in 1994

APARTHEIDBLACK RESISTANCE TOWARD REFORM In 1910, South Africa won self-rule from Britain. White minority government imposed apartheid, a system of racial laws which separated the races and kept the black majority in a subordinate position. From the beginning, black South Africans protested apartheid. In 1912, the African National Congress (ANC) was set up to oppose white domination. Nelson Mandela mobilized young South Africans to take part in acts of civil disobedience against apartheid laws. As protests continued, government violence increased. In the late 1980s, President F. W. de Klerk abandoned apartheid, lifted the ban on the ANC, and freed Mandela. In 1994, Mandela was elected president in South Africa’s first multiracial elections.

EGYPT Middle East

Suez Canal Crisis  2/3 of oil from Middle East transported through Suez Canal  Canal was owned by British and French interests

GAMAL ABDUL NASSER  Nasser (President of Egypt)  Pan Arab  1957 Suez under Egyptian control  Nationalized the Suez Canal  British influence in the Middle East – DONE  Established a relationship with the Soviet Union  Built Aswan Dam  Control Floods for crops

 established after WWI by the League of Nations  The mandates were phased out after WWII. Independence of the Middle East Mandates

 Post WWII, UN gives part of old British Mandate of Palestine to displaced Jews (who are fleeing Europe after the Holocaust)  Conflict between Israel and surrounding Arabic states  The Arab-Israeli conflict continues today.

Why do we pay so much attention to conflicts in these areas today? New “Powder Kegs” (Remember the Balkans?!) Access to Nuclear Weapons Animated Introduction

Apartheid vs. Palestine

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