2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Regents Biology We share the Earth… Ecology & Environmental Issues

Regents Biology with a whole lot of other creatures…

Regents Biology We don’t share very well….

Regents Biology

Ecology  Putting it all together…  study of interactions between creatures & their environment, because… Everything is connected to everything else

Ecology  The study of the relationships among living organisms and the interaction the organisms have with their environments. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships Principles of Ecology

The Biosphere  A thin layer around Earth Principles of Ecology  Extends several kilometers above the Earth’s surface  Extends several kilometers below the ocean’s surface 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

The Biosphere Principles of Ecology 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Biotic Factors Principles of Ecology  Living factors in an organism’s environment Abiotic Factors  Nonliving factors in an organism’s environment  Organisms adapt to survive in the abiotic factors present in their natural environment. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Levels of Organization Principles of Ecology  Levels increase in complexity as the numbers and interactions between organisms increase.  organism  population  biological community  ecosystem  biome  biosphere 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Levels of Organization: A way of making sense of the world

 The lowest level of organization is the individual organism itself. Principles of Ecology  Organisms of a single species that share the same geographic location at the same time make up a population.  A biological community is a group of interacting populations that occupy the same geographic area at the same time. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

 An ecosystem is a biological community and all of the abiotic factors that affect it. Principles of Ecology  A biome is a large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and have similar types of communities. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Regents Biology Ecosystem  Everything living interacting with the non-living environment in a particular place

Earth’s land ecosystems

Ecosystem Interactions Principles of Ecology  A habitat is an area where an organism lives.  A niche is the role or position that an organism has in its environment. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships habitat = address (where you live) niche = job (the role you play)

Community Interactions Principles of Ecology  Competition  Occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time  Predation  Many species get their food by eating other organisms. 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

Symbiotic Relationships Principles of Ecology  The close relationship that exists when two or more species live together  Mutualism  Commensalism  Parasitism 2.1 Organisms and Their Relationships

MUTUALISM Clownfish and anemone The mutualism between anemonefish and anemones depends on the presence of the fish drawing other fish to the anemone, where they are stung by its venomous tentacles. The anemone helps the fish by giving it protection from predators, which include brittle stars, wrasses, and other damselfish, and the fish helps the anemone by feeding it, increasing oxygenation, and removing waste material from the host. Various hypotheses exist about the fish's ability to live within the anemone without being harmed.mutualismtentaclesbrittle starswrassesdamselfish