Nationalist Revolutions Chapter Eight

Political Philosophies Conservative –Protected the traditional monarchies of Europe –Usually wealthy and/or nobility Liberal –Wanted to give more power to parliament –Wanted educated and landowners to vote –Middle class merchants and business owners Radical –Favored drastic change for democracy for all –Government should embrace Enlightenment ideas

Nationalism What is nationalism? –The belief that the greatest loyalty should be to a nation of people who share a common culture & history What was the effect of nationalism? –Tore apart centuries-old empires –Gave rise to the nation-state –Opposed by conservatives

Types of Nationalism Unification –Merges culturally similar lands Separation –Splits off culturally distinct groups State-building –Binds separate cultures into one

Nationalism Causes Separation: The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire –Internal tensions among ethnic groups weakens empire Controls parts of present day Turkey, Greece, Bulgaria, Romania, and others –Ottomans granted equal citizenship to all ethnicities Conservative Turks got angry: led to many ethnic problems

Nationalism Causes Separation: The Ottoman Empire Battle of Navarino (1827) –British, French, & Russian fleet destroyed the Ottomans –Greece gained independence Ottoman Empire ultimately falls soon after World War I

The Russian Empire

Nationalism Shakes an Empire –Controlled over a dozen different ethnicities with different cultures –Used the policy of “Russification” Forcing Russian culture on all peoples –Actually strengthened ethnic cultures

Russian History By the 1800s, Russia still had not industrialized –Society and economy based on the feudal system By the 1820s, many Russians believed that serfdom must end Problem was the czar did not want to free them –It would anger the landowners –Czar needed support from landowners to stay in power

The Crimean War ( ) Russia vs. Ottoman Empire –Russia lost the war –Industries & transportation system failed to provide adequate supplies for the troops –Proved that Russia needed to modernize

Reform in Russia Czar Alexander II –Committed to social and economic reforms Freed the serfs in 1861 (Edict of Emancipation) –Was assassinated in 1881 Political and social reforms stopped

Reform in Russia Czar Alexander III –Tightened government control over country –Encouraged industrial development using nationalism

The Russian Empire Falls The Russian Empire would eventually fall due to major problems during World War I –Russian Revolution of 1917 –Result would be the creation of the Soviet Union

Nationalism Shakes an Aging Empire The Austrian Empire –Included people from many ethnic groups –Lost to Prussia in a war in 1866 Results –Split Austria & Hungary into independent states –Both ruled by emperor Francis Joseph »Called the Dual Monarchy –New Empire was “Austria- Hungary”

The Austrian Empire

Views of Nationalism The Unification of Italy and Germany –Italy Nationalists use their common bond to build nation-states –Germany Rulers use nationalism to unify their subjects

Nationalism: The Unification of Italy Italian Unification –Italy forms from crumbling empires – Italians want independence from foreign rulers Especially Austria

Nationalism: The Unification of Italy Northern Italian Unification –Camillo di Cavour - Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia (1852) –Gets French help to win control of Austrian-controlled Italian land –Other northern kingdoms supported unification with Sardinia

Nationalism: The Unification of Italy Southern Italian Unification –Led by Guiseppe Garibaldi –Known as the “Red Shirts” for their attire during battle –Leads nationalists who conquer southern Italy

Italian Unification Other important people for unification –Giuseppe Mazzini Politician Journalist Activist Known as the “Soul of Italy”

Nationalism: The Unification of Italy Cavour convinces Garibaldi to unite southern Italy and Sardinia –Garibaldi steps aside, allowing King of Sardinia to rule –1861, Victor Emmanuel II was crowned King of Italy –A Constitutional Monarchy is formed Control of Venetia, Papal States completes unification (1870)

Unification is Complete

The Unification of Germany Beginning in 1815: –39 German states formed the German Confederation –Austria controlled the Confederation Prussia –Mainly German population –Very powerful army –Creation of liberal constitution

The German Confederation

The Unification of Germany Prussia controlled by the Junkers –Conservative wealthy landowners –Supported Prussian leader Wilhelm I Otto von Bismarck named Prime Minister (1862) –Junker “realpolitik” master Power politics without room for idealism Based on the needs of the state Used military force to achieve political gain

Otto von BismarckKaiser Wilhelm I

The Unification of Germany Prussia Expands –Prussia & Austria fight Denmark, gain two provinces Quick victory makes other German nations respect Prussia Seven Weeks’ war –Bismarck creates border dispute with Austria to provoke war –Prussia seizes Austrian territory, northern Germany –Eastern & western parts of Prussian kingdom joined for first time

The Seven Weeks’ War

The Unification of Germany The Franco-Prussian War –Bismarck provokes war with France to unite all Germans Manufactured a political incident Causes the French to declare war on Prussia –Prussia defeats France Wilhelm is crowned “Kaiser” – emperor of a united Germany – at Versailles Bismarck creates a Germany united under Prussian dominance

A Shift in Power Balance of Power is Lost –In 1815, the Congress of Vienna established five powers in Europe Austria Russia Prussia Britain France –By 1871, Britain & Prussia (now Germany) have gained much power –Austria & Russia are weaker militarily & economically

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