CHAPTER 7 LECTURE OUTLINE THE GEOGRAPHY OF LANGUAGE Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-1 Photo © Jon Malinowski. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

Basic Components of Language Language A system of communication using sounds, gestures, marks, and signs Written system is not required Phonemes The sounds in a language Early writing was often pictographic Such as cuneiform 7-2 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Variants--Dialects, etc. Dialect – Variations of sounds & vocabulary in a language – Idiom A language usage peculiar to a certain group – Patois Generally refers to rural or provincial speech or region – Vernacular A local form of a language, often contrasted with another “official” language Can also refer to architecture and other cultural traits in an isolated area Accent – Differences in how a language sounds or is spoken Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-3

Lingua Franca – A common language used for cross-cultural communication or for trade – Examples include Kiswalhili, Russian, French, Pidgin – A simplified language used by people who don’t speak the same language Different from a lingua franca because it generally refers to a language that is nobody’s native language Usually has a simplified vocabulary – Creole A pidgin that is adopted by a group as its primary language 7-4 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Language Families Language Family – Collection of languages with a common ancestor (proto-language) Today, 6,800 languages grouped into about 120 language families— 20 major families 7-5 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Geography of English “Standard” English {as used in Geography} is known as Received Pronunciation (RP) The English of educated British speakers in London American English started splitting 500 years ago Regional dialects and pidgins such as Gullah Distinct varieties in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, India, etc. 7-6 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

7-7 Figure 7D.1 English Today

Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-8 Figure 7D.2 Dialect Areas in the U.S.

Language Isolation & Extinction Languages change over space & time Language Divergence When a language splits into two new languages Latin became French, Spanish, Romanian, etc. Language Convergence When two languages merge into one Language Isolate A language that belongs to no language family Language Extinction The death of a language 300 languages have died since the year Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Toponymy-- The study of place names A place name can reflect: – Physical features Bend – A function that happened at a place Newport – Current or past cultures in the area, including a locale from which residents migrated Monmouth; Yamhill – Cultural Values and Ideas, such as patriotism Independence – An individual’s name Eugene Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-10

Language Conflict Conflict over language and place names is common shatterbelts – (FYROM) Macedonia’s name angered Greece – Israelis and Palestinians have changed names to indicated control of a space – Arabian Gulf or Persian Gulf? Official language debates in the U.S. Quebec nationalist movements The French battle against loan words Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 7-11

Translation—Issues Accuracy— “love” Idiomatic Usage– “pulling my leg” Ambiguity— “burn that log” Change over time— “sad” Mental Map (“worldview”)— “Namaste” Koran Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 2-12

CHAPTER 8 LECTURE OUTLINE THE GEOGRAPHY OF RELIGION Human Geography by Malinowski & Kaplan Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Photo © Jon Malinowski. All rights reserved. Used with permission.

Classifying Religions Religion A cultural system of beliefs, traditions, and practices often centered around the worship of a deity or deities Universalizing religions Religions that seek to convert nonbelievers Examples: Christianity, Islam Ethnic religions A religion closely associated with a particular ethnic group Examples: Judaism, Shinto 8-14 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8-15 Figure 8B.1 World Religions

Hinduism 1 At least 4,000-5,000 years old – Geographically concentrated in India and British colonial areas – 1 million Hindus in the United States 8-16 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hindu Beliefs Dharma – One’s duties or obligations in life – Basis of the caste system Karma – Every action has consequences – Can affect your next life Reincarnation – A person’s soul goes through cycles of death and rebirth – When an organism dies, the soul passes to another life form – The cycle can be broken (moksha) 8-17 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Hindu Worship Polytheistic – Millions of gods and goddesses – Vishnu & Shiva have large sects Scripture – Holy books; connection between the divine and the human Hindu Scripture – The Vedas 8-18 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ganesh

Buddhism 1 Based on the teachings of Siddhartha in the 5 th -6 th century BCE Buddhists believe that all living things are reborn, but the cycle can be broken Four Noble Truths – Life is suffering – Suffering is caused by desire and craving – Suffering can be ended – Desire can be eliminated through the Eightfold Path 8-19 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Buddhism 2 After Buddha’s death, his teachings were passed down and eventually written down in the Pali Canon Over time, Buddhism spread into 3 main forms Theravada – Southeast Asia Mahayana – China, East Asia, Southeast Asia Vajrayana – Tibet & Mongolia 8-20 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Judaism 1 Small but influential faith Ethnic religion Believe themselves to be the chosen people of God Expelled from what is now Israel by the Romans – The Diaspora – Jewish populations settled throughout the Middle East, North Africa, and southern Europe 8-21 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Judaism 2 Worship in synagogues or temples Believe God gave humans his law through the Torah—part of the Tanakh Sabbath is Friday night and Saturday Numerous annual holidays—religious calendar Observant Jews are required to keep numerous commands, including a kosher diet 8-22 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Christianity Over 2 billion adherents Rooted in the Jewish tradition Believe that Jesus is the Messiah – Christ is Greek for anointed one Wide variety in ways that Christians worship Sabbath is Sunday 8-23 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Islam 1 Younger than other major world religions 6 th -7 th century C.E. and the Prophet Muhammad Calendar begins with the Hijra in 622 C.E. Scripture--the Qur'an, which Muslims believe contain the actual words of God revealed to Muhammad Disagreements over succession after Muhammad’s death led to Major denominations—Sunni-leaders chose successsor; Shi’a-successor from Muhammad’s family 8-24 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Islam— Five Pillars of Islam {sister religions-analogous to Judaism} 1.Shahadah-Confession of faith. It is, simply, “There is no god but God, and Muhammad is His Prophet.”{analog-Sh’mah, ‘There is only one God’} 2.Salat-Prayer. Muslims are expected to pray five times a day. During prayer, Muslims face in the direction of Mecca, no matter where they are in the world.{analog-Tifeelah, facing Jerusalem} 3.Zakayt-Charity. Muslims, except the poor, are expected to give one-fortieth of their income and possessions to the poor each year.{analog-Tz’dahkah} 4.Sawm-Fasting. No food nor drink from dawn to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan and for other purposes. {analog-T’zom, Yom Kippur (25 hours) and other days} 5.Haj-Pilgrimage. Every able-bodied Muslim who can afford the journey is expected to make a pilgrimage to Mecca. {analog-pilgrimage to Jerusalem(not required)} 8-25 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

8-26 Figure 8H.3 Diffusion of Islam

Other Large Religious Groups 1 Chinese folk religions – Confucianism Began in the 5 th -6 th centuries B.C.E. Emphasizes proper relationships in society – Taoism Mystical and esoteric Focused on morality, self-restraint, & humility African Traditional Religion – A catch-all term for dozens of traditions – Animistic – Emphasis is on maintaining order in society 8-27 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Other Large Religious Groups 2 Sikhism – Founded by Guru Nanak in the 15 th century in what is now Punjab in India/Pakistan – Rejected key ideas of Hinduism and Islam, the key religions in the area – About 20 million adherents worldwide Jainism – Developed as a reaction to Hinduism in the 6 th century B.C.E. – Goal is to eliminate sources of bad karma 8-28 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Other Large Religious Groups 3 Baha'i – Founded in the 19 th century in what is now Iran & Iraq – Universalizing. Seeks to unite all the peoples of the world – About 6 million adherents Shinto – Ancient, ethnic, religion of Japan – Animistic – Most Japanese will engage in both Shinto and Buddhist religious activities 8-29 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Landscapes of Religion 1 Unique buildings – Churches, mosques, temples, etc. Some cities are organized around religious buildings Religions also have internal geographies, like dioceses in the Catholic Church Cemeteries, religious schools, monuments, etc. Pilgrimage sites Sacred vs. profane landscapes 8-30 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Landscapes of Religion 2 Types of Sacred Places (after Jackson & Henrie) : – Historical sites Western Wall* (Judaism) Karbala, Iraq (Shi’ite Muslims) – Homelands Chaco Canyon, New Mexico was home to Puebloan Indians – Mystico-Religious Sites Places where the religion feels that a deity came into contact with humans – Dome of the Rock* (Muslims) – Bodhi Tree (Buddhists) *many places combine multiple features 8-31 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.