Philosophes #4 Assess the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion and philosophy in the period of #5 Analyze the ways in which enlightenment thought addressed religious beliefs and social issues in the 18 th century

Descartes Mind  Does not obey physical laws Body  Obeys physical laws (mechanical) Mind controls the body? – And/or …Body controls the mind? Deduction – Rational speculation – Internal reflection

Beccaria On Crimes and Punishment – Punishment needs to be just and effective No torture No death penalty (capital punishment) – Why law? Greatest happiness for the greatest number – Not religion Rational laws of nature = positive law

Rousseau & Voltaire Type of Government Voltaire – Constitutional monarchy Distrusted democracy – He “would rather obey 1 lion then 200 rats of his own species” Propagated the idiocy of the masses Rousseau – (Direct) Democracy Distrusted representative democracy – “any law which the people has not ratified in person, is void”

Outlook on Life Voltaire – People too optimistic People foolish – People intolerant of other ideas Rousseau – People want power – People born good and free People who are strong imprison weaker people Perfect Society Voltaire – People must work to make society better – “Everything happens for the better” is not true Rousseau – If people lived alone on island, society would be perfect – Government makes a society less perfect

Voltaire  Freedom of Speech & Religion “ I disapprove of what you say, but will defend to the death your right to say it”

Religion Voltaire – Separation of Church and State – Wanted religious tolerance for all Rousseau – No view listed SIMILARITIES – Ideas that went against all other Philosophes – Wanted people to be free – Both had traditional views on women

Rousseau

Montesquieu Spirit of the Laws – “separation of powers” Why? Avoid Absolutism Who would he disagree with? Freedom – Against slavery Women – Head of government  Yes – Head of family  No