Incorporating Quotations How to seamlessly incorporate the words of others into writing

Why quote? The Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) notes the following reasons for using quotations:  Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing  Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing  Give examples of several points of view on a subject  Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with  Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original  Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own  Expand the breadth or depth of your writing The Purdue OWL (Online Writing Lab) notes the following reasons for using quotations:  Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing  Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing  Give examples of several points of view on a subject  Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with  Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original  Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own  Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Sentence Stems for Quoting Sentences  X insists “ _____” (pg.).  As the prominent philosopher X puts it, “______” (pg.).  According to X, “________” (pg).  In her book Book Title, X maintains that “______” (pg.).  X complicates matters further when she writes that “_____” (pg.)  X insists “ _____” (pg.).  As the prominent philosopher X puts it, “______” (pg.).  According to X, “________” (pg).  In her book Book Title, X maintains that “______” (pg.).  X complicates matters further when she writes that “_____” (pg.)

Word to use other than the word “says”  Acknowledges  Agrees  Argues  Believes  Claims  Complains  Concedes  Demonstrates  Emphasizes  Insists  Observes  Questions  Refutes the claim  Reminds us  Reports  Suggests  Urges  Acknowledges  Agrees  Argues  Believes  Claims  Complains  Concedes  Demonstrates  Emphasizes  Insists  Observes  Questions  Refutes the claim  Reminds us  Reports  Suggests  Urges

Signal phrases When you introduce a quotation, especially the first time you use a source, you should use a signal phrase with that quotation:  X states that “______” (pg.)  According to X, “______” (pg.).  In her book, ______, X maintains that “______” (pg.).  X agrees when she writes that “______” (pg.). When you use a signal phrase which names the author, you DO NOT repeat that name in the MLA citation. You use ONLY the page number. If it is a source (say an online database) which does not USE page numbers, then NOTHING goes in parentheses. When you introduce a quotation, especially the first time you use a source, you should use a signal phrase with that quotation:  X states that “______” (pg.)  According to X, “______” (pg.).  In her book, ______, X maintains that “______” (pg.).  X agrees when she writes that “______” (pg.). When you use a signal phrase which names the author, you DO NOT repeat that name in the MLA citation. You use ONLY the page number. If it is a source (say an online database) which does not USE page numbers, then NOTHING goes in parentheses.

Explaining quotations  Any time you use a quotation, you MUST explain what it adds to your argument.  You can use some of the follow sentence stems:  Basically, X is saying ______.  In other words, X believes ______.  In making this comment, X argues that ______.  X insists that ______.  X’s point is that ______.  What X really means by this is ______.  Essentially, _______ is true.  In short, then, ______.  Any time you use a quotation, you MUST explain what it adds to your argument.  You can use some of the follow sentence stems:  Basically, X is saying ______.  In other words, X believes ______.  In making this comment, X argues that ______.  X insists that ______.  X’s point is that ______.  What X really means by this is ______.  Essentially, _______ is true.  In short, then, ______.

Avoid Dropped Quotations Dropped quotations are quotations that stand alone and are not properly integrated into the paper. Ex. Science has already advanced greatly over the past ten years. “If science continues to advance at this rate, then the things that will be discovered in 50 years is unfathomable” (Sheppard 98). The second sentence, the quotation, stands completely apart from the first sentence, making it a dropped quotation. Dropped quotations are quotations that stand alone and are not properly integrated into the paper. Ex. Science has already advanced greatly over the past ten years. “If science continues to advance at this rate, then the things that will be discovered in 50 years is unfathomable” (Sheppard 98). The second sentence, the quotation, stands completely apart from the first sentence, making it a dropped quotation.

Avoiding Dropped Quotations A better way to integrate the quotation is: Sheppard stated that science had already advanced greatly over the past ten years and that “if science continues to advance at this rate, then the things that will be discovered in fifty years is unfathomable” (98). A better way to integrate the quotation is: Sheppard stated that science had already advanced greatly over the past ten years and that “if science continues to advance at this rate, then the things that will be discovered in fifty years is unfathomable” (98).

Imbedding quotations  It is ESSENTIAL to use short, imbedded quotations rather than citing whole sentences in your writing. Ex. His mother complains that he “had chosen an evil road, a road which led him further and further from the ways of men” (Kazantzakis 32), but truthfully, he is running away from God as his uncle the rabbi points out that he “‘isn’t being tormented by a devil; it’s not a devil, it’s God’” (Kazantzakis 29).  In this sentence, two quotes are incorporated into one sentence by piecing parts of sentences into your own words. Keep in mind that you MUST create a sentence that has a subject, verb, and expresses a complete thought.  THIS IS LIKE A QUOTE SANDWICH.  It is ESSENTIAL to use short, imbedded quotations rather than citing whole sentences in your writing. Ex. His mother complains that he “had chosen an evil road, a road which led him further and further from the ways of men” (Kazantzakis 32), but truthfully, he is running away from God as his uncle the rabbi points out that he “‘isn’t being tormented by a devil; it’s not a devil, it’s God’” (Kazantzakis 29).  In this sentence, two quotes are incorporated into one sentence by piecing parts of sentences into your own words. Keep in mind that you MUST create a sentence that has a subject, verb, and expresses a complete thought.  THIS IS LIKE A QUOTE SANDWICH.

Quote Sandwich  Top of the sandwich — the top piece of bread.  The top layer should create a transition between the information you have been just writing about and the quote to create a natural “flow.” It ought to include some preliminary explanation of the topic and provide a CONTEXT for the quote (When, possibly where, and under what circumstances the quotation was spoken or written.). It should also include the authority giving the quote and possibly the source.  Top of the sandwich — the top piece of bread.  The top layer should create a transition between the information you have been just writing about and the quote to create a natural “flow.” It ought to include some preliminary explanation of the topic and provide a CONTEXT for the quote (When, possibly where, and under what circumstances the quotation was spoken or written.). It should also include the authority giving the quote and possibly the source.

Quote Sandwich  Middle of the sandwich — the meat  Put the quote in the middle. Make sure it is integrated grammatically and structurally with the surrounding text.  Bottom of the sandwich — the bottom piece of bread  Following the quote, give an interpretation of the meaning or its implication. Explain how it supports your argument or the point you are making in the paragraph  Middle of the sandwich — the meat  Put the quote in the middle. Make sure it is integrated grammatically and structurally with the surrounding text.  Bottom of the sandwich — the bottom piece of bread  Following the quote, give an interpretation of the meaning or its implication. Explain how it supports your argument or the point you are making in the paragraph

Quote Sandwich Suppose your paper is about the significance of World War II. You want to use this quote by John Doe, a noted historian: “At the beginning of World War II, almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly.” You might create a “sandwich” like this: (Layer 1) When the United States entered the war after the horrific bombing of Pearl Harbor, the mood in America was somber but optimistic. (Layer 2) Historian John Doe states that at this time “almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly” (223). (Layer 3) This attitude reflects the confidence the country had in its commitment to the war effort and in the ability of its military forces. Suppose your paper is about the significance of World War II. You want to use this quote by John Doe, a noted historian: “At the beginning of World War II, almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly.” You might create a “sandwich” like this: (Layer 1) When the United States entered the war after the horrific bombing of Pearl Harbor, the mood in America was somber but optimistic. (Layer 2) Historian John Doe states that at this time “almost all Americans assumed the war would end quickly” (223). (Layer 3) This attitude reflects the confidence the country had in its commitment to the war effort and in the ability of its military forces.

Quote Sandwich Identify the parts of this quote sandwich: When Franklin Roosevelt gave his inaugural speech on March 4, 1933, he addressed a nation weakened and demoralized by economic depression. Attempting to remind all Americans of their innate strength, he declared, “‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’” (qtd. in Barron 254). With that message of hope and confidence, the new president set the stage for his administration and helped restore the faith of the American people in their government. Identify the parts of this quote sandwich: When Franklin Roosevelt gave his inaugural speech on March 4, 1933, he addressed a nation weakened and demoralized by economic depression. Attempting to remind all Americans of their innate strength, he declared, “‘The only thing we have to fear is fear itself’” (qtd. in Barron 254). With that message of hope and confidence, the new president set the stage for his administration and helped restore the faith of the American people in their government.

Quote Sandwich You are writing a paper on symbols in Lord of the Flies. You want to use this quote. You CANNOT use the entire sentence. You can only use part! Create a quote sandwich using part of the following quotation. “None of the boys could have found good reason for this; what intelligence had been shown was traceable to Piggy while the most obvious leader was Jack. But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out; there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch” (Golding 21). You are writing a paper on symbols in Lord of the Flies. You want to use this quote. You CANNOT use the entire sentence. You can only use part! Create a quote sandwich using part of the following quotation. “None of the boys could have found good reason for this; what intelligence had been shown was traceable to Piggy while the most obvious leader was Jack. But there was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out; there was his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch” (Golding 21).

Quote Sandwich Possible answer: Golding sets up the symbolism of the conch from the very beginning of the novel when Piggy and Ralph first find and use the shell. Golding asserts the shell’s power through Ralph’s election when he is chosen due to “his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch” (21). Ralph, like most elected officials, is good looking, but the true key to his authority and to his election is the conch, the island’s symbol of power and authority. Possible answer: Golding sets up the symbolism of the conch from the very beginning of the novel when Piggy and Ralph first find and use the shell. Golding asserts the shell’s power through Ralph’s election when he is chosen due to “his size, and attractive appearance; and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch” (21). Ralph, like most elected officials, is good looking, but the true key to his authority and to his election is the conch, the island’s symbol of power and authority.

Formatting Quotations This link to the Purdue Online Writing Lab has more information on formatting quotations in your paper. This link to the Purdue Online Writing Lab has more information on formatting quotations in your paper.