Migration of Man Our migration started 100,000 years ago until people were on every continent!

Paleolithic Age ENDS with the introduction of AGRICULTURE Neolithic Age BEGINS around 10,000 BCE

What is the REVOLUTION? A TOTALLY new way of living: From Hunter-Gatherers to Agriculture

Turning point an event or occurrence which causes a very significant change Example: The Agricultural Revolution was a turning point in human history. Neolithic Age or Era a term that means “new stone age” and refers to period when humans came to live in agricultural communities Example: The Neolithic Age began nearly 10,000 years ago.

Agricultural Revolution (or Neolithic Revolution) a turning point that began about 10,000 years ago when humans began to live in settled communities and raise plants and animals Example: The development of new technology that allowed humans to become more efficient farmers is called the Agricultural Revolution.

From nomadic life . . .

. . . to the first farmers!

From Paleolithic cave dwelling

to permanent settlements . . . to permanent settlements! Can you identify characteristics of Neolithic life?

1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) I. Human Origins in Africa C. Stone Ages 1. Old Stone Age (Paleolithic Age) a. Lasted from about 2.5 million B.C. to 8,000 B.C. b. Oldest stone tools date back to this period. c. All 5 types of early man date back to this period … and they all were Hunter-Gatherers ! But then came a Revolution (a great change) in human behavior. Agriculture! 2. New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) a. Lasted from about 8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C. b. Cro-Magnon / Modern Man is from this period c. Advanced tools, ability to make pottery, domestication of animals and raised crops (AGRICULTURE) – farmed their own food!! d. Neolithic Revolution – the great change in human behavior when humans shifted from hunting-gathering to growing their own food (agriculture). Always Remember Revolution – means a dramatic transformation (change in behavior), usually requiring great effort, but producing long-lasting changes. i.e. Agricultural Revolution, Industrial Revolution, American Revolution 10

DWELLINGS: (Chart) Permanent settlements Community life – villages, cities developed Division of labor Mud brick & timber-protective Class system began TOOLS (chart) Specialized tools: hoe, chisel, plough, simple boats Polished stone tools Tools made from bone Woven baskets & clay pottery Bronze tools

The Agricultural Revolution The Neolithic Age is sometimes called the Agricultural Age Nomads turned to farmers They learned to domesticate (tame) animals They divided the labor & had specialized jobs They had a surplus of food Cities grew

Neolithic Era Neolithic Era means the New Stone Age. Homo Sapiens during this period: Developed agriculture Domesticated animals Used advanced tools Lived in permanent settlements

Hunt/Farm (chart) Agricultural Revolution Food surplus (food was stored) Irrigation Domestication of animals ~ ox-drawn carts, ploughs Trading – specialized jobs, division of labor Clothes (Chart) Animal skins Woven garments (loom) Wool from sheep Hand made

Agricultural Village Life The Neolithic Revolution The beginning of settled life Control over animals Domestication Technology The beginning of “progress” ~ Advanced tools such as the plow Food Surpluses The existence of large stockpiles of food

The Agricultural Revolution The invention of the plow pulled by animals made agricultural production much more efficient than before, permitting more land to be farmed by fewer people. Plow pulled by animals Even larger food surplus This resulted in even greater food surplus. Even greater division of labor It also freed more people to do other types of work.

The Earliest Settlements Earliest agricultural settlement in Jarmo (Iraq) settlement founded ca. 9,000 BC Catal Hoyuk (Turkey) by 7,500 BC supporting a population of approx. 8,000

The Agricultural Revolution changed the way people lived! Domestication of Animals Agriculture (Farming) Division of Labor (Specialization) Growth of Cities

Art (Chart) Wall paintings in towns/villages Figurines, bronze figures Carved statues out of stone Face painting more detailed Writing began Other (chart) Climate – warmer, more vegetation Lived in large groups (villages) Women had more children (farm) Men held religious/warrior power. Private property, wealth Malaria, TB, Typhoid rampant

Catal Hoyuk Wall mural of Catal Hoyuk. Mother goddess from Catal Huyuk. Images courtesy of Wikipedia: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/Catal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Restauration_B.JPG ; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7d/Ankara_Muzeum_B19-36.jpg ; http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Museum_of_Anatolian_Civilizations003.jpg Wall mural of Catal Hoyuk. Typical Catal Hoyuk interior (restoration).

Effects of Farming

Major differences between Paleolithic and Neolithic times: Domestication of animals! Development of agriculture!

Some archaeologists believe Jericho is over 10,000 years old! Catal Huyuk – 7,000 BCE Jericho and Damascus have had people living there since the beginning, but Catal Huyuk was abandoned Damascus – 8,000 – 10,000 BCE Jericho – 9,000 BCE

REVIEW Paleolithic Age – Old Stone Age (Est. 2 mil BC-9000 BC) Hunters & Gatherers Nomad: Moving from place to place in search for food. Men  hunted & fished. Woman  gathered fruits, nuts, etc. Way of Life Cave paintings Stone tools & pottery Domesticated dogs Neolithic Age – New Stone Age (9000 BC – 3000 BC) Farming  Neolithic Revolution People could remain in one place. Herding of animals – goats, sheep & cattle. Community – Council of Elders/Chief – made important decisions. Warrior class Kept possessions.

Double check! Stone Age Paleolithic Period Tools Economy Homes and Society Stone Age Paleolithic Handmade tools and objects found in nature: clubs, sharpened stone tools, hand axe, scraper, spear, Bow and Arrow, harpoon, needle Hunting and Gathering Caves, huts, animal skin "tents" - single homes or small groups (less than 100 people) found mostly by rivers and lakes Neolithic Handmade tools and objects found in nature: chisel, hoe, reapers hook, plough, pottery, baskets, loom, boats, and weapons. Hunting and Gathering, agriculture, fishing, and domestication of animals. Farms and communities. Beginnings of "cities" with people living and depending upon each other.

The Neolithic Revolution Another way to see it!

Why is this Neolithic Revolution important? 2. New Stone Age (Neolithic Age) d. Neolithic Revolution – the great change in human behavior when humans changed from hunting-gathering to growing their own food (agriculture). “led to” Cause Effect Why is this Neolithic Revolution important? In order to grow crops, humans will have to “settle down” ! and wait for the seeds / crops to grow. “Settling down” meant the first human settlements (villages and later, cities!) Once settled, humans tamed animals (goats, cattle, pigs, sheep) > used as beasts of burden, sources of meat protein, milk, hides and fibers for protective clothing. Better diet & food surpluses (grain storage) > increased birth rates, decreased infant mortality rates, increased life expectancies > population explosion > large civilizations. Put simply, because humans finally settled down… the Neolithic Revolution (Agriculture) led to Civilization! “led to” PP Design of T. Loessin; Akins H.S. 27