By: Omar, Robert, and Stephanie Adolescence By: Omar, Robert, and Stephanie

Definition of Adolescence The development of children ages 12 through 18 years old that is expected to include predictable physical and mental milestones

Physical Development Girls Children go through many changes as they move towards becoming an adult Girls develop breasts fully between the ages 12 and 18 Pubic hair Girls begin menstruation 2 years after breast and pubic hair appear. Appears about as early as 10 and as late as 15

Physical Development Girls Part 2 Girls grow rapidly between ages 9 and 14, at age 12 they have reached their maximum height

Physical Development Boys Pubic hair begins at age 12 and reaches adult pattern at age 15 to 16 Notice testicles and scrotum grow as early as age 9. Age 16 and 17 the genitals are usually at adult size and shape Unlike girls guys do not menstruate at the beginning of puberty, instead they have “wet dreams” between the ages 13 and 17

Physical Development Part 2 Boys voices change at the same time as the penis grows. Nocturnal emissions (wet dreams) occur with the peak of the height spurt

Behavior Become very self-conscious, sensitive, and worry about body changes Girls worry about the beginning of their menstrual periods and boys worry about not knowing what “wet dreams” are Separate from parents to find out who they are Find own peer group to test new ideas

Behavior Part 2 In early stages kids start finding groups to hang out with causing them to behave however the group is Age 14-16 the groups get interested romantically in each other They become comfortable with their body and sexual feelings through dating, experimenting, and romantic friendships

Safety As the kids grow they will start trying to do more stuff to fit in a group Kids learn new things as they are in the mid stages. Stuff such as taking rules seriously and wearing appropriate equipment if doing something dangerous Adolescents have a high risk of depression and might attempt suicide because of all the pressure they get

Tips parents use Let child be alone Do not tease child, it may lead to self-consciousness and embarrassment To remember that the child is changing and being interested in more things is normal and doesn’t just mean sexual activity

Independence and power struggles Parents should be able to be there for their children to listen to ideas and be there for them when they fail or succeed Give limits on things and set rules because kids challenge authority Kids get more aggressive and they try to live life struggling to get through day by day.

Theories Jean Piaget Jean Piaget talks about how it begins at age 11 and when adolescents enter this stage, they start to think a different way, the ability to combine and classify items in a more clear way, and better reasoning. “The formal operational stage (Piaget, 1927) begins at about age 11. As adolescents enter this stage, they gain the ability to think in an abstract manner, the ability to combine and classify items in a more sophisticated way, and the capacity for higher-order reasoning.” “At about age 11+ years, the child begins to manipulate ideas in its head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation; it has entered the formal operational stage. It can do mathematical calculations, think creatively, use abstract reasoning, and imagine the outcome of particular actions.”

Theories Erik Erikson “He emphasized the role of culture and society and the conflicts that can take place within the ego itself, whereas Freud emphasized the conflict between the id and the superego.” “According to Erikson, the ego develops as it successfully resolves crises that are distinctly social in nature. These involve establishing a sense of trust in others, developing a sense of identity in society, and helping the next generation prepare for the future.”

Theories Sigmund Freud Sigmund Freud explains how teens start getting interested sexually or emotionally in one another and to make sure your child is balanced out “Freud (1905) proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place in a series of fixed stages. “ “These are called psychosexual stages because each stage represents the fixation of libido (roughly translated as sexual drives or instincts) on a different area of the body. As a person grows physically certain areas of their body becomes important as sources of potential frustration (erogenous zones), pleasure or both.” “Freud believed that life was built round tension and pleasure. Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge.”

Theories Lawrence Kohlberg page 1 Lawrence talks about reasoning and punishment and he told a story about a man who stole a drug from a store for his dying wife and Kohlberg did not care. “Kohlberg was not interested so much in the answer to the question of whether Heinz was wrong or right, but in the reasoning for each participant's decision. The responses were then classified into various stages of reasoning in his theory of moral development.” Stage 1: Obedience and Punishment “The earliest stage of moral development is especially common in young children, but adults are also capable of expressing this type of reasoning. At this stage, children see rules as fixed and absolute. Obeying the rules is important because it is a means to avoid punishment.” Stage 2: Individualism and Exchange “At this stage of moral development, children account for individual points of view and judge actions based on how they serve individual needs. In the Heinz dilemma, children argued that the best course of action was the choice that best-served Heinz’s needs. Reciprocity is possible at this point in moral development, but only if it serves one's own interests.”

Theories Lawrence Kohlberg page 2 Stage 3:Interpersonal Relationships “Often referred to as the "good boy-good girl" orientation, this stage of moral development is focused on living up to social expectations and roles. There is an emphasis on conformity, being "nice” and consideration of how choices influence relationships.” Stage 4:Maintaining Social Order “At this stage of moral development, people begin to consider society as a whole when making judgments. The focus is on maintaining law and order by following the rules, doing one’s duty and respecting authority.” Stage 5: Social Contract and Individual Rights “At this stage, people begin to account for the differing values, opinions and beliefs of other people. Rules of law are important for maintaining a society, but members of the society should agree upon these standards.”

Theories Lawrence Kohlberg page 3 Stage 6: Universal Principles Kohlberg’s final level of moral reasoning is based upon universal ethical principles and abstract reasoning. At this stage, people follow these internalized principles of justice, even if they conflict with laws and rules. “Lawrence Kohlberg (1958) agreed with Piaget's (1932) theory of moral development in principle but wanted to develop his ideas further. “ “He used Piaget’s story-telling technique to tell people stories involving moral dilemmas. In each case he presented a choice to be considered for example between the rights of some authority and the needs of some deserving individual who is being unfairly treated”. “One of the best known of Kohlberg’s (1958) stories concerns a man called Heinz who lived somewhere in Europe.”

Bibliography Adolescent development. Medlineplus, 2014. March 20, 2014. http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/002003.htm Cognitive Development. University of Rochester Medical Center, 2014. March 14, 2014. http://www.urmc.rochester.edu/Encyclopedia/Content.aspx?ContentTypeID=90&ContentID=P01594 Adolescent Development. University of Maryland Medical Center, 2014. March 20, 2014. https://umm.edu/health/medical/ency/articles/adolescent-development Physical Development. Boundless, ND. March 13, 2014. https://www.boundless.com/psychology/human-development/adolescence/physical-development-in-adolescence/ Some analytical considerations. The Research Cooperative, 2010, March 25, 2014 http://researchcooperative.org/profiles/blogs/theories-of-adolescence-some

Bibliography 2 Formal Operational Stage. SimplyPsychology, 2010. March 25, 2014. http://www.simplypsychology.org/formal-operational.html psychosocial stages. SimplyPsychology, 2013, March 25, 2014. http://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html Psychosexual Stages. SimplyPsychology, 2008. March 25, 2014. http://www.simplypsychology.org/psychosexual.html Kohlberg. SimplyPsychology, 2013. March 25, 2014. http://www.simplypsychology.org/kohlberg.html