Android

Android An Open Handset Alliance Project A software platform and operating system for mobile devices Based on the Linux kernel Developed by Google and later the Open Handset Alliance (OHA) Allows writing managed code in the Java language Possibility to write applications in other languages and compiling it to ARM native code Unveiling of the Android platform was announced on 5 November 2007 with the founding of OHA

What is the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)? → It's a consortium of several companies

What is the Open Handset Alliance (OHA)? Devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices Develop technologies that will significantly lower the cost of developing and distributing mobile devices and services

Android Features Application Framework Dalvik virtual machine Integrated (webkit) browser 2D and 3D graphics APIs with HW SQLite Video and audio codecs Bluetooth, EDGE, 3G, and WiFi Camera, GPS, compass, and accelerometer

Operating System Android uses Linux for its device drivers, memory management, process management, and networking. The next level up contains the Android native libraries. They are all written in C/C++ internally, but you’ll be calling them through Java interfaces. In this layer you can find the Surface Manager, 2D and 3D graphics, Media codecs, the SQL database (SQLite), and a native web browser engine (WebKit). Dalvik Virtual Machine. Dalvik runs dex files, which are coverted at compile time from standard class and jar files.

Android Architecture

Software development (1) Development requirements Java Android SDK Eclipse IDE (optional)

Software development (2) IDE and Tools Android SDK Class Library Developer Tools  dx – Dalvik Cross-Assembler  aapt – Android Asset Packaging Tool  adb – Android Debug Bridge  ddms – Dalvik Debug Monitor Service Emulator and System Images Documentation and Sample Code Eclipse IDE + ADT (Android Development Tools) Reduces Development and Testing Time Makes User Interface-Creation easier Makes Application Description Easier

Software development (3) Programming Language(s) Java – officially supported C/C++ – also possible but not supported

Advantages There are a host of advantages that Google’s Android will derive from being an open source software. Some of the advantages include: The ability for anyone to customize the Google Android platform The consumer will benefit from having a wide range of mobile applications to choose from,since the monopoly will be broken by Google Android A truly open, free development platform based on Linux and open source. Features like weather details, opening screen, live RSS feeds and even the icons on the opening screen will be able to be customized

All applications are equal - Android does not differentiate between the phone's basic and third-party applications -- even the dialer or home screen can be replaced Fast and easy development - The SDK contains what you need to build and run Android applications, including a true device emulator and advanced debugging tools

Disadvantages Security - Making source code available to everyone inevitably invites the attention of black hat hackers Open Source - A disadvantage of open-source development is that anyone can scrutinize the source code to find vulnerabilities and write exploits Login - Platform doesn't run on an encrypted file system and has a vulnerable log-in Incompetence - Google’s dependence on hardware and carrier partners puts the final product out of their control.

Conclusion And Future scope Android has been criticized for not being all open-source software despite what was announced by Google. Parts of the SDK are proprietary and closed source, and some believe this is so that Google can control the platform Software installed by end-users must be written in Java, and will not have access to lower level device APIs

Some of the issues facing by Android Linux compatibility - support for X windows Networking issues - support for setting up a network proxy configuration for WiFi, Cisco virtual private network not available A pplication development - Android does not use established Java standards, i.e. Java SE andJava SE ME

UPDATE HISTORY Android has seen a number of updates since its original release. These updates to the base operating system typically fix bugs and add new features. 1.5 (Cupcake) Released 9 February (Donut) Released 15 September /2.1 (Eclair) Released 26 October (Froyo) Released 20 May (Gingerbread) Scheduled for Q launch 3.0 (Honeycomb) Scheduled for early 2011 launch ? (Ice Cream) Scheduled for mid 2011 launch

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