NEXUS is NEXT How the IRP’s new Food Systems Report speaks to the Integrated Natural Resource Management for Healthy People and Planet Presentation (IRP) (PBL)

RESOURCE-SMART FOOD SYSTEMS ARE NEEDED TO ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT These are food systems in which the environmental bases to deliver food security for current and future generations is not compromised

Food production depends on natural resources Renewable resources, such as: land and soils, water, biodiversity, genetic resources, marine resources Non-renewable resources, such as: fossil fuels and fertilizers Sustainable and efficient use are prerequisite Sustainable: no degradation, no depletion Efficient: high productivity, low environmental impact

Renewable Soil: 33% degraded Fresh water: 20% aquifers overexploited Biodiversity: 60% of loss Marine resources: 29% over-fished; 61% fully-fished Non-renewable Minerals >80% losses farm-to-fork Fossil fuels: ~30% of all fossil fuel use And 24% of total GHG emissions Some figures

Food systems differ widely globally often interconnected – and depending on the same resources 1 billion traditional 4 billion intermediate 2 billion modern

Pressures on natural resources are expected to increase Population growth and urbanization Climate change Dietary changes Supermarketization

A FOOD SYSTEM LENS IS NEEDED TO GRASP OPPORTUNITIES PRIVATE ACTORS CAN BE A MAJOR PART OF THE SOLUTION A CHANGE OF POLICY REGIME IS NEEDED TO ENCOURAGE THEM

9 Many opportunities towards sustainable and efficient use Production side Consumption side Better land management Reduced food waste Balanced diets, in cases less meat Less packaging Biological pest control Sustainable intensification Coupling crop and livestock systems

Concentration of power in the Western-type food chain

Farms versus market- concentration Agricultural input industry FarmsFood industry Food retail Consumers Turn- over US$ 520 bln US$ 2,175 blnUS$ 1,377 blnUS$ 7,180 bln Top 10 market share Animal feed: 16% Seeds: 75% Fertilizer: 55% Pesticides: 95% 450 million farms 85% < 2 ha. Top 10: 28% Top10: 10.5% Largest firms CP Group (Thailand), Cargill (USA) Monsanto (USA), DuPont (USA), Syngenta (Switzerland), Bayer (Germany), BASF (Germany) Nestle (Switzerland), PepsiCo (USA), Kraft (USA), ABinBev (Brazil), ADM (USA) Walmart (USA), Carrefour (France), Schwartz Group (Germany), Tesco (UK), Aldi (Germany)

12 Increase in meat consumption continues; regional differences remain p.56

Decisive role for private sector requires policy support Developing company policies and practice, e.g.: Paying for better management of natural resources; removal of harmful subsidies New potential when cities become incubators for innovation Helping smallholder farms in developing countries to invest in sustainable intensification Making healthy and sustainable food choices easy for consumers Rebuild feedback loops by functional and informative monitoring and reporting

Upward movement by the co- evolution of different pathways

17 12 critical shifts (1-3) Reduce food losses and waste Reorient away from resource-intensive products such as meat and ‘empty calories’ and rethink food environments Reframe thinking by promoting resource-smart food systems; search for linkages with human well-being and health 2 1 3

18 12 Critical shifts (4-6) Reconnect rural and urban, invest in regional supply chains and improve the position of smallholders Revalue pricing of externalities, reinforce legislation and remove distorting subsidies Reconnect urban consumers with food production; raise awareness of effects on health and environment of food choices 5 6 4

19 12 Critical shifts (7-9) Research the functioning of local and national food systems, and their impacts on national resources. Reconnect mineral flows between urban and rural areas and between crop and livestock systems Reform policies on land and water rights; develop and implement policies to enable better resource management 8 9 7

20 12 Critical shifts (10-12) Reinvigorate investments in rural infrastructure, education, training, technology, knowledge transfer Research and innovate, to decouple food system activities from resource use and environmental impacts Rebuild feedback loops by creating monitoring & reporting systems for countries and companies

Dissemination and follow-up MOOC Southeast AsiaInteractive website Sustainable Food Systems Programme UNEP FAO Task for countries, cities, companies

This open-access course explores pathways to environmentally sustainable food systems and natural resource use A Massive Open Online Course Coming August 2016 FOOD AND OUR FUTURE: Sustainable Food Systems in Southeast Asia

Henk Westhoek (PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency) John Ingram University of Oxford Siemen van Berkum LEI Leyla Ozay PBL Maarten Hajer Utrecht University Authors & Affiliations

for correspondence: (lead coordinating author) (chair of IRP working group on Food Systems)