Read the handout, “Nullifying the Separate but Equal Principle Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954” answering … (1) In previous Civil Rights legislation, why was it ruled African American students must be admitted to University of Texas Law School? (2) What was the relation of the 14 th Amendment to public schools? (3) Instead of looking at the legality of segregation in accordance to the Constitution, the Warren Court utilizes psychology. Why?

Public School Segregation

Why is equality important? Have any of us ever had times in which we were made to feel inferior? What are our feelings about segregation, bad or good? Why? What is “de jure” versus “de facto” segregation?

U.S. Worries About Race Relations Reach a New High (2016) study by the Gallup Pole 35% of Americans “Worried about race relations a great deal” April, 2014 – “Georgia school hosts first racially integrated prom?” The Confederate Flag just removed last summer from South Carolina state legislature Why Relevant Today???

Major Accomplishments of the Civil Rights Era within the area of … [1] Voting Rights [2] Racial Integration [3] Encouraging Financial Equal Opportunity

Radical Republican’s Plans 14 th Amendment Citizenship Clause Privileges or Immunities Clause Due Process Clause Equal Protection Clause

BACKGROUND: African-American Civil Rights 13 th Amendment (1865) 14 th Amendment (1868) Equal Protection Clause Due Process Clause 15 th Amendment (1870) Jim Crow laws Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) NAACP (1909)

Copyright, The Birmingham News, 2006.

Public School Segregation

Read the handout, “Nullifying the Separate but Equal Principle Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, 1954” answering … (1) In previous Civil Rights legislation, why was it ruled African American students must be admitted to University of Texas Law School? (2) What was the relation of the 14 th Amendment to public schools? (3) Instead of looking at the legality of segregation in accordance to the Constitution, the Warren Court utilizes psychology. Why?

What do we recall about the life of Linda Brown? Desegregated schools, were they equal?

Brown v. Board of Education, Topeka, KS (1954) Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Makes state-sponsored segregation illegal. This was a violation of the “equal protection clause” of the 14 th Amendment.

“Agitate! Agitate! Agitate!”

BEGINNING OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (1925) March on Washington Movement (1941) Banning discrimination in war-time industries (1941) Desegregation of the military (1948) Earliest “Sit-ins” (1942) C.O.R.E. – Congress of Racial EqualityDesegregated Northern Cities

EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954) “with all deliberate speed” “massive resistance” “white citizens’ councils” “segregation academies” North Carolina school refusing to admit African Americans, 1956

22 School Desegregation By 1955, white opposition in the South had grown into massive resistance … Tactics included … [1] Firing school employees who showed willingness to seek integration [2] Closing public schools rather than desegregating [3] Boycotting all public education that was integrated Desegregate the schools! Vote Socialist Workers : Peter Camejo for president, Willie Mae Reid for vice-president. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.; LC-USZ Contents

23 Virtually no schools in the South segregated their schools in the first years following the Brown decision. Contents School Desegregation In 1957, Governor Orval Faubus defied a federal court order to admit nine African American students

24 Contents The first African American students to integrate Central High School “Little Rock Nine …”

EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Central High School, Little Rock (1957) “Little Rock Nine” Central High School students gathered on the sidewalk in front of the school on September 4 to watch the reporters, photographers and the crowd gathered to wait for the black students to attempt to enter the school.

EMERGENCE OF THE MODERN CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT Rosa Parks (1955) Refuses to give up her seat Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955 – 1956) Forces city of Montgomery, Alabama to end bus segregation

Write down the following prompts in notebooks, leaving about three lines between prompts, preparing to watch a video about the 1950’s, “Happy Days”: America's Time, (1) Pay attention to the words of Anne Thompson throughout the video clip … (2) Rosa Parks & Strategy of Martin Luther King, Jr. … (3) Little Rock Central High School …