GRAB THE UNIT GUIDE AT THE DOOR!!! TAKE OUT A SHEET OF PAPER… TITLE IT “VIETNAM WAR & CIVIL RIGHTS. UNIT 11 ORGANIZER DUE MONDAY!

NOTES PART 2: VIETNAM & CIVIL RIGHTS

VIETNAM WAR

“The battle against communism must be joined…with strength and tradition.” “The battle against communism must be joined…with strength and tradition.” -Lyndon B. Johnson LBJ escalates the war » Sends majority of troops » Money U.S. gets involved

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution Gulf of Tonkin Resolution LBJ announces North Vietnamese have fired on 2 American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin LBJ announces North Vietnamese have fired on 2 American destroyers in the Gulf of Tonkin Immediately orders American aircraft to attack North Vietnamese ships Immediately orders American aircraft to attack North Vietnamese ships U.S. gets involved

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution justified LBJ’s escalation of troops in Vietnam The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution justified LBJ’s escalation of troops in Vietnam Congress to LBJ: “take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression”

Superior firepower Search and destroy missions Blockades Strategies: America

Napalm-jellied gasoline that explodes on contact Napalm-jellied gasoline that explodes on contact Strategies: America

Agent Orange- chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs; exposed the enemy Agent Orange- chemical that strips leaves from trees and shrubs; exposed the enemy Strategies: America

Ambush (blended in with others) Booby traps Underground Tunnels Not fighting to win, fighting to prolong Strategies: Vietcong

This is significant because it showed superior military technology does NOT guarantee victory! This is significant because it showed superior military technology does NOT guarantee victory! Strategies

Vietcong and North Vietnamese launch a massive surprise attack Vietcong and North Vietnamese launch a massive surprise attack Attacked airbases in South Vietnam and most of the South’s major cities Attacked airbases in South Vietnam and most of the South’s major cities TET Offensive

Turning point in Vietnam War Turning point in Vietnam War U.S. military loses confidence U.S. military loses confidence LBJ decides not to run for reelection LBJ decides not to run for reelection TET Offensive

1. Public support began to drop as the war waged on Anti-War Movement

2. Vietnam is the 1st televised war Combat footage shown on the nightly news Combat footage shown on the nightly news 3. Brought the brutality of the war into living room Anti-War Movement

President Nixon started policy of Vietnamization: gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops while the South Vietnamese assumed fighting President Nixon started policy of Vietnamization: gradual withdrawal of U.S. troops while the South Vietnamese assumed fighting Vietnamization

CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

COURT CASES

COURT CASES… 1954-case involving Linda Brown 1954-case involving Linda Brown Denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas because of her race Denied admission to her neighborhood school in Topeka, Kansas because of her race Told to attend an all-black school across town Told to attend an all-black school across town

COURT CASES… Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) Brown vs Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954) Reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson Reversed Plessy vs. Ferguson “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” “separate educational facilities are inherently unequal” AKA integration! AKA integration!

LITTLE ROCK NINE School board in Little Rock, Arkansas agreed to admit 9 African American students to Central High School School board in Little Rock, Arkansas agreed to admit 9 African American students to Central High School

Governor of Arkansas favored segregationGovernor of Arkansas favored segregation Posted the Arkansas National Guard at Central High to prevent nine African- American students from entering the buildingPosted the Arkansas National Guard at Central High to prevent nine African- American students from entering the building LITTLE ROCK NINE…

CENTRAL HIGH CENTRAL HIGH Little Rock Nine

President Eisenhower placed the National Guard under Federal command to protect the studentsPresident Eisenhower placed the National Guard under Federal command to protect the students “to protect the authority of the Supreme Court.” -- -President Eisenhower“to protect the authority of the Supreme Court.” -- -President Eisenhower Significance: Government will enforce court decisions on integrationSignificance: Government will enforce court decisions on integration LITTLE ROCK NINE…

Believed in nonviolent passive resistance Believed in nonviolent passive resistance Drew upon philosophy and techniques of Gandhi Drew upon philosophy and techniques of Gandhi delivered the speech “I Have a Dream.” delivered the speech “I Have a Dream.” racial segregation be replaced with an integrated societyracial segregation be replaced with an integrated society MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.

Appointed the first African American Judge of SCOTUS by President Johnson in THURGOOD MARSHALL

Civil rights leader who founded C.O.R.E. which promoted nonviolent ways to protest for civil rights and equality. JAMES L. FARMER, JR.

Founded the American G.I. Forum of Texas which advocates on behalf of Hispanic veterans. HECTOR P. GARCIA

Civil Rights activist who selected the plaintiff for the Sweatt v. Painter case (origins to Brown v Board; UT law school) LULU BELLE MADISON WHITE