Single phase induction motor By: Nafees Ahmed, Asstt. Prof., EE Deptt, DIT University, Dehradun

Actual 1-phase induction motor Ceiling fans

Actual 1-phase induction motor Ceiling fans: Internal structure

Actual 1-phase induction motor Ceiling fans: Internal structure

Actual 1-phase induction motor Ceiling fans: Cage rotor

Actual 1-phase induction motor Other single phase induction motor:

Actual 1-phase induction motor Other single phase induction motor:

Actual 1-phase induction motor

Construction Construction is similar as that of 3-phase squirrel induction motor A single phase induction motor has two main parts Stator Similar to 3-phase induction motor consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow, Laminated cylindrical core core, constructed from stacked laminations (why?), having a number of evenly spaced slots, providing the space for the stator winding

Construction stator Frame Stator Teeth Or Yoke 1 phase Stator winding Core (Laminated) 1 phase Stator winding in stator slots Stator Teeth

Construction rotor Squirrel cage rotor is used aluminum bus bars shorted together at the ends by two aluminum rings.

Construction Shaft Aluminum or copper bars End rings Rotor

Construction Constructional representation of rotor and stator:

Construction Shaft: Should withstand maximum breaking strength Bearing: Roller or ball bearing It is used in vacuum cleaner, fans, washing machine, centrifugal pump, blowers, washing machine, small toys etc.

Principle: When stator winding is fed from a single phase supply, an alternating (pulsating) field is produced. Due to this alternating flux an alternating EMF (current) is induced in the rotor conductors Now when a current carrying conductor is place in magnetic filed it experiences a force. But after each half cycle the direction of induced current is change and hence the direction of force (torque) is changed after each half cycle.

Principle: So pulsating flux acting on stationary squirrel cage rotor can’t produce rotation and therefore 1-phase induction motor is not self starting. However, if the rotor o such machine is given initial start by hand or otherwise in either direction, then motor starts rotating in that direction. Above peculiar behavior can be explained by Double filed revolving theory To make it self-starting, it can be temporarily converted into a two-phase motor while starting. This can be achieved by introducing an additional 'starting winding' also called as auxillary winding.

Principle: Hence, stator of a single phase motor has two windings: (i) Main winding and (ii) Starting winding (auxiliary winding). These two windings are connected in parallel across a single phase supply and are spaced 90 electrical degrees apart. Phase difference of 90 degree can be achieved by connecting a capacitor in series with the starting winding. Hence the motor behaves like a two-phase motor and the stator produces revolving magnetic field which causes rotor to run. Once motor gathers speed, say upto 80 or 90% of its normal speed, the starting winding gets disconnected form the circuit by means of a centrifugal switch, and the motor runs only on main winding.

Principle:

Type of single phase induction motors The  single phase induction motors are made self starting by providing an additional flux by some additional means( Additional winding ). Now depending upon these additional means the single phase induction motors  are classified as: Resistance start induction motor Capacitor start induction motor Capacitor start capacitor run induction motor. Permanent capacitor motor Shaded pole induction motor.