Journal Graph the following: Background: Natalie sets out to run 15 kilometers. Every 30 minutes she checked her pedometer to determine how far she had run. Use the data below to create a proper scientific graph Time (minutes) Total Distance (km) 0 0 30 6.8 60 10.1 90 12 120 13.3 150 15

Tools and Procedures Chapter 1 Section 4

Common Measurement System Most scientists us the metric system when collecting data and performing experiments The metric system is a decimal system of measurement whose units are based on certain physical standards and are scaled on multiples of 10

Analyzing Biological Data When scientists collect data, they are often trying to find out whether certain factors changed or remained the same. A graph of the data can make a pattern much easier to recognize and understand

Microscopy Microscope Science Magnification is the power to increase an objects apparent size Resolution is the power to show detail clearly. (How crisp and clear it is)

Types of Microscopes Light microscopes uses a beam of light passing through one or more lenses. They have a maximum resolving power of 2,000X. Compound light microscopes use two or more lenses to magnify the image a. In order to determine total magnification we must multiply the magnification of each of the lenses. EXAMPLE: 10X ocular (eyepiece) and 40X objective create an image that is 400X the actual specimen (10 x 40 = 400)

Types of Microscopes Electron microscopes can magnify an object up to 2,000,000 X. Two types 1. TEM (transmission electron microscope): Thin section of a specimen is coated with a heavy metal. A beam of electrons are shot at the specimen. This microscope is used to detail the inner ultrastructures of a cell.

Types of Microscopes SEM (Scanning electron microscope): Surface of the specimen is coated with gold. This produces a 3-D picture of the surface of the specimen. Drawback: specimens must be dead

Using a Microscope 1. Use two hands to carry a microscope, one hand holding the arm, the other holding the base. 2. Only use lens paper and water to clean the lenses. 3. Always start off with the lowest magnification objective and work up to higher power one objective at a time. 4. Always observe the objective as it is rotated into place to ensure it doesn’t crash into the slide.

5. Lower the stage to its lowest point before placing a slide on the stage. 6. Be sure the scanning objective is in place. 7. Raise the stage to its highest point without crashing the slide into the objective.

Journal The line graph shows the number of worms collected and their lengths. a) What length of worm is most common? b)  What was the longest worm found? c)  How many worms were 6 cm long? d)  How many worms were 7.25 cm long? e)  The peak of the curve represents the [ longest worms / average worms ]

Measurements/ Metric System

Measurements Volume – Liquid volume are measured in graduated cylinders. SI unit = mL (milliliter) Density is how heavy something is compared to its size Density = Mass Volume Area – The amount of surface within a set of boundaries – Multiply Sides Temperature – USE CELCIUS! MASS vs. WEIGHT

Metric System Basics

Metric System The metric system is based on a base unit that corresponds to a certain kind of measurement Length = meter Volume = liter Weight (Mass) = gram Prefixes plus base units make up the metric system Example: Centi + meter = Centimeter Kilo + liter = Kiloliter

Metric System The three prefixes that we will use the most are: kilo centi milli kilo hecto deca Base Units meter gram liter deci centi milli

Metric System So if you needed to measure length you would choose meter as your base unit Length of a tree branch 1.5 meters Length of a room 5 meters Length of a ball of twine stretched out 25 meters

Metric System But what if you need to measure a longer distance, like from your house to school? Let’s say you live approximately 10 miles from school 10 miles = 16093 meters 16093 is a big number, but what if you could add a prefix onto the base unit to make it easier to manage: 16093 meters = 16.093 kilometers (or 16.1 if rounded to 1 decimal place)

Metric System These prefixes are based on powers of 10. What does this mean? From each prefix every “step” is either: 10 times larger or 10 times smaller For example Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters kilo hecto deca Base Units meter gram liter deci centi milli

Metric System Centimeters are 10 times larger than millimeters so it takes more millimeters for the same length 1 centimeter = 10 millimeters Example not to scale 40 41 1 mm 40 41 1 cm

Metric System For each “step” to right, you are multiplying by 10 For example, let’s go from a base unit to centi 1 liter = 10 deciliters = 100 centiliters 2 grams = 20 decigrams = 200 centigrams ( 1 x 10 = 10) = (10 x 10 = 100) (2 x 10 = 20) = (20 x 10 = 200) kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System An easy way to move within the metric system is by moving the decimal point one place for each “step” desired Example: change meters to centimeters 1 meter = 10 decimeters = 100 centimeters or 1.00 meter = 10.0 decimeters = 100. centimeters kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System Now let’s try our previous example from meters to kilometers: 16093 meters = 1609.3 decameters = 160.93 hectometers = 16.093 kilometers So for every “step” from the base unit to kilo, we moved the decimal 1 place to the left (the same direction as in the diagram below) kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Metric System If you move to the left in the diagram, move the decimal to the left If you move to the right in the diagram, move the decimal to the right kilo hecto deca meter liter gram deci centi milli

Graphs and Graphing

Types of Graphs PIE – “Like Pieces of a Pie” A pie graph allows us to compare parts of the whole with each other, or the fraction of the whole each part takes up. That might sound a bit complicated, but it's easy when you think about it in terms of cake.

Types of Graphs Q 1. What type of trash makes up the biggest portion of trash?  Q 2. Can we say what makes up the heaviest piece of trash from the graph?

Types of Graphs BAR – “Like stacks of Coins” Bar graphs are good for giving a comparison of absolute numbers.  However, if we wanted to compare what portion each stack may represent of all the marine mammals combined, we need a pie graph.

Types of Graphs Q 1. Which animal can hold their breath the longest? Q 2. Which animal is the largest in size?

Types of Graphs LINE – “Like Turns in a Road” A line graph is a good way to look at how something changes usually over time or sometimes over space.  Making a line graph is really just a matter of  connecting the dots. 

Types of Graphs Q 1. Did Trey advance in height through the years? Q 2. Did Trey’s weight also increase through the years?

Identifying the x-coordinate The independent variables are those that are deliberately manipulated to invoke a change in the dependent variables Independent variables answer the question "What do I change?".

Identifying the y-coordinate The dependent variables are those that are observed to change in response to the independent variables. Dependent variables answer the question "What do I observe?".

Closing Question – Use the following information to create a graph LABEL THE AXIS AND TITLE THE GRAPH! The growth of a baby badger from birth to the age of ten months Age/months Mass/kg 0.1 2 1.4 4 3.6 6 6.8 8 9.8 10 10.4