Preparing to Fight the Civil War

Missouri Compromise Monroe’s “Era of Good Feelings” did not extend to the issue of slavery free states and 11 slave states H of R was dominated by free states but the Senate was balanced Missouri’s application to statehood raised the question of extending slavery west Missouri people wanted it to be a slave state

Missouri Compromise (cont’d) Early attempts at compromise: –James Tallmadge Jr. Maine and Missouri both become states Missouri Compromise was passed to settle later disputes (but would it?) Missouri Constitution clause raised problems as well

Election of 1824 John Quincy Adams Henry Clay Andrew Jackson William H. Crawford

Outcome of the 1824 election Clay loses out and the election goes to the H of R Jackson vs. Adams Adams wins by 6 votes over Jackson Clay was accused of corruption Democrats emerge to challenge the National Republicans

John Quincy Adams Announced a program of nationalist legislation exceeding the American System presented by Clay –Internal improvements –Federal money to build a national university, astronomical observatories, and fund scientific research Legislatures thought it would be a waste to spend taxpayer money on these projects Congress allowed some improvements

Search for Compromise Wilmot Proviso –Prohibit slavery in territories from Mexico Free Soil Party California statehood Popular Sovereignty Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Act Ostend Manifesto – Buying Cuba Kansas-Nebraska Act –Bleeding Kansas Charles Sumner

The Compromise of 1850 California admitted as a free state Utah and New Mexico determined by P-S Slave trade abolished in DC Fugitive Slave Act –Escaped Slaves sent back South Daniel Webster Henry Clay John C. Calhoun

Kansas-Nebraska Act Nebraska intended to be free Kansas intended to be slave This violated the Missouri Compromise Bill passed through Congress Bleeding Kansas was a result –Settlers from both North and South flooded the territory in order to make it free or slave based on popular soveriegnty

The Republican Party is Born Whig Party was destroyed by the Kansas- Nebraska Act Former Whigs, Free-Soil, and some Democrats began forming new parties The Republican Party was the most popular Northern Democrats=American Party=Know- Nothings –Anti-Catholic, nativist, divided over K-N Act They joined the Republicans

1856 Election John C. Fremont (R) James Buchanan (D)(Winner) Millard Fillmore (American Party) Democrats campaigned claiming Buchanan could save the Union and Fremont would cause the South to secede Democrats won

Division Grows Dred Scott v. Sanford (Dred Scott case) –Supreme Court ruled against Dred Scott –Founders never intend African Americans to be citizens (they were property) –Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional Federal government could not ban slavery in the territories Lecompton Constitution of Kansas- Slave Each side held their own referendum creating two governments in KS

Lincoln v. Douglas 1858 Senate race pitted Lincoln against Stephen A. Douglas Lincoln=anti-slavery, Douglas=popular sovereignty Freeport Doctrine Douglas won the election, but angered southerners Lincoln established the goals of the Rep. party

John Brown’s Raid

1860 Election Republicans renounced the raid but were blamed by Southerners Democrats began to split over slavery N. Democrats: Stephen Douglas S. Democrats: John C. Breckenridge Constitutional Union Party: John Bell Republicans: Abraham Lincoln Lincoln won easily

Compromise Fails South Carolina was the first state to secede By Feb more states seceded These states began to seize federal property Crittenden’s Compromise –Amendments to the Constitution Southern states met on Feb. 8, 1861 and created the Confederate States of America

Confederate Constitution Similar to the U.S. Constitution Each state was independent Guaranteed slavery Banned protective tariffs Limited the term of the presidency Jefferson Davis was chosen as president

Jefferson Davis

Robert E. Lee Originally asked o command the Union troops Eventually became the General of the Confederate Army

General Irwin McDowell Commander of the Union troops

Thomas J. Jackson aka Stonewall Jackson Confederate leader at the first Battle of Bull Run

General Ulysses S. Grant Commanded forces in the West Eventually commanded the Union Army Won Union victory at Shiloh

General George B. McClellan Took over after McDowell lost at Bull Run Goal: Capture Richmond Moved too slowly

Meanwhile Emancipation Proclamation Changed the Civil War from a conflict over preserving the Union to a war to free the slaves This would free slaves in any states still in rebellion after January 1, 1863 This document was written in Sept So, why the wait and did it actually free the slaves?

Changes Southern economy suffered Northern economy boomed Women entered the workforce African Americans could enlist in the military 54 th Massachusetts

With the Union taking New Orleans Grant taking Shiloh Vicksburg would divide the South along the Mississippi River

Battle of Fredericksburg Burnside was in charge then Hooker then it was turned over to George Meade

Battle of Gettysburg

Grant Becomes General in Chief After victories at Shiloh and securing Eastern TN he was rewarded by Lincoln The Union had now cleared a path to invade Georgia

Union Victories in the South Union naval leader David Farragut closed down Mobile, AL port closing the Gulf of Mexico to the CSA William Tecumseh Sherman “March to the Sea” –Burns 1/3 of Atlanta –Pushed towards the coast wiping out everything –Seized Savannah on Dec. 21, 1864 –Turned north and burned Columbia

1864 Election

13 th Amendment Passed on January 31, 1865 Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime where of the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Section 2. Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation

Surrender at Appomattox