Department Of Pharmaceutics

PRODUCTION It is a process or procedure of converting a set of inputs, namely men, capital, information & energy into finished products or services. PRODUCTION PLANNING It is a production process of looking ahead, anticipating possible difficulties & deciding in advance as to how to produce the products. PRODUCTION CONTROL It is a process of making sure that production is constantly maintained to produce the products of given specifications.

Prior planning Forecasting product design order writing -Type -Specification To undertake a particular job -Quantity - Bill of materials - Quality process planning & routing -economic process -how to do -where to work materials & tools control - requirements control loading Assignment of work, manpower, machinery scheduling -Time phase -Sequence of work Active planning dispatching - Ordering to start working Action phase progress reporting -data reporting -performance comparison Corrective phase -expediting - replanning Control phase

PRODUCTION SYSTEM: It is a framework of activities with which the inputs are transformed into value added- products. Difference between the value of inputs and the value of outputs represents the value created through production activities.  Inputs include the material which can be visible in the finished product. Ex: coloring agents, flavoring agents,sweetening agents, capsule shells etc…  Inputs which are not visible include machinery used for the processing. The basic input- output model of the production system is as follows: MATERIALS MEN ENERGY PLANT & FACILITIES GOODS & SERVICES PRODUCTION PROCESS INPUTS outputs

PRODUCTIVITY: It is the ratio of output to input. Output – the amount /number of units produced. Inputs - various resources employed. Eg: land & building, equipment & machinery, material, labour etc…. REASONS FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY: Necessary to increase productivity continuously for various reasons. (a) For management : (1) to sell more & earn more profits. (2)to clear the debts /loans acquired from different sources. (3)to establish better position in the market. (b) For workers: (1)to get higher wages & standards of living. (2) to work in better working conditions. (3) to attain job security & satisfaction. (c) For customers: (1) to obtain articles at reduced price.

productivity can be considered as increased, if more products are produced from the same amount of resources. INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY : The resources ( 5Ms) money, men, material, machinery & methods should be utilized judiciously for increasing productivity. (a) Proper use of raw material & reducing manufacturing defects --- achieved using the right process, right design & right storage facilities. (b) Improving work-study techniques & training. (c) Maintaining equipment in good working condition & reducing setup costs. (d) Adapting proper construction & layout. (e) Shortening the work 3 or 4 days per week & lengthening the shifts to 10 to 13 hrs a day. (f) Redesigning the job content to make them challenging. Further absorbing, the new technologies also increases the productivity.

Types of production systems Continuous production---- involves uninterrupted flow of material into methods & machines to produce standardized finished products in large quantities. These are essential for mass production. Specialized machines & processes are employed. Raw materials enters at one point & finished product leaves at the other. process--- materials are handled by fully automatic systems---- systems are known as “flow production systems” ----eg: chemical processing, cigarette manufacturing, cement manufacturing. The Form-Fill-Seal technology for the production of (LVPs) large volume parenterals is an example for continuous production.

INTERMITTENT PRODUCTION Involves interrupted flow of material into methods & machines to produce standardized finished products into small quantities.  The conventional production systems of pharmaceutical formulations, tablets, capsules, liquid orals etc… are intermittent type.  Classified into : (a) batch production type. (b) job order production type. (a)BATCH TYPE OF PRODUCTION: common type of production. General purpose machines used. Product is produced at a time in small quantities. Same machinery used for the production of another product. i.e., one tablet formulation to another. (b) Job order production: It is undertaken after receiving the order with specifications. No. of items produced is small & high degree of control

JOB SHOP------INVOLVES A NUMBER OF MACHINE CENTERS, EACH WITH A FUNDAMENTALLY DIFFERENT ACTIVITY TO MANUFACTURE PRODUCTS. Closed job shop : products are manufactured as per the requirements of organized jobs & outside jobs are not accepted. Ex: A big machine shop concerned with making automobile parts items are produced repetitively. Open job shop: products are manufactured as per the requirements of the organization & also outside customers.

PRODUCTION DEPARTMENT ---- PERSONNEL  The competent personnel essential for performing the assigned production functions should be educated, trained & experienced.  Manager should be graduate in pharmacy from any university.  The responsibilities of a production manager are given below -supervision of personnel involved in the production -storage of starting materials,packing materials,in process materials and finished goods -Inspection and maintenance of appropriate working conditions -Compliance of the process including packing with the relevant -prescriptions(master formula and the recording of the operation) -Authorization of all documents,which are essential for reproducible manufacturing and packing -Supervision of the performance of in-process controls -The training of personnel

PRODUCTION PLANNING It is defined as the preparation of detailed plan to manufacture a product. PLANNING NEEDS: -Quality of products to be produced with specifications -Quantity of products to e produced -Sequence of operations -Standard time for each operation -Manufacturing capacities -Standard time required for completion of process -Commencement of the operation

PRODUCTION FOR PLANNING PRODUCTION PRODUCTION BUDGET SELECTION OF ECONOMICAL PROCESS SELECTION OF MATERIALS METHODS AND MACHENARY SELECTION OF LAYOUT FOR THE PROCESS SET UP TIME ROOT SHEETS PROCESS

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