International Human Rights Law (LG 332) Topic 10: Enforcement of IHRL

Dealing with Violations of IHRL  Domestic Law  UN Treaty system – Committee Reports and Recommendations. Establishes norms and standards Conformity may be explained by norm dynamics (Finnemore and Sikkink)

Dealing with Violations of IHRL  UN Charter system – Special Procedures  Regional Systems Potentially internalized faster?  International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law

International Humanitarian Law and International Criminal Law  IHL: Law of Armed Conflict / Laws of War / Jus in Bello  ICL: Individual Criminal Responsibility  Some human rights violations are also violations of IHL and ICL, e.g. war crimes, crimes against humanity, genocide

IHL  Hague Conventions  Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols  Weapons Conventions

Prosecution for Violations of IHL and ICL  National Courts  International Criminal Tribunals  Hybrid Courts  ICC  Universal Jurisdiction

The Rome Statute and the ICC  Territoriality and active personality – jurisdiction – set out in Article 12  Article 13 sets out 3 ways in which an investigation may begin Referred by a State Party Referred by the Security Council The Prosecutor may initiate an investigation in accordance with Article 15

Categories of Crimes – Rome Statute Article 5  The jurisdiction of the Court shall be limited to the most serious crimes of concern to the international community as a whole. The Court has jurisdiction in accordance with this Statute with respect to the following crimes:  (a) The crime of genocide;  (b) Crimes against humanity;  (c) War crimes;  (d) The crime of aggression.

Article 12  2. In the case of article 13, paragraph (a) or (c), the Court may exercise its jurisdiction if one or more of the following States are Parties to this Statute or have accepted the jurisdiction of the Court in accordance with paragraph 3:  (a) The State on the territory of which the conduct in question occurred or, if the crime was committed on board a vessel or aircraft, the State of registration of that vessel or aircraft;  (b) The State of which the person accused of the crime is a national.  Article 12 (3) refers to ad hoc provisions

Article 13 -Exercise of jurisdiction  The Court may exercise its jurisdiction with respect to a crime referred to in article 5 in accordance with the provisions of this Statute if:  (a) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by a State Party in accordance with article 14; (b) A situation in which one or more of such crimes appears to have been committed is referred to the Prosecutor by the Security Council acting under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations; or  (c) The Prosecutor has initiated an investigation in respect of such a crime in accordance with article 15.

Cases and situations before the ICC  Sudan – including President Al Bashir  DRC – Including Lubanga  CAR, Uganda, Kenya  Libya Security Council Resolution 1970, Paragraph 4 – refers to prosecutor

Alternatives to Prosecution  Amnesties Protocol II to Geneva Conventions recognises validity of amnesties Art. 53 Statute of ICC  Truth Commissions Accountability without criminal prosecution