California Competes : Higher Education for a Strong Economy November 2013 Patterns of participation: California’s community colleges

California Needs 2.3 Million More College Grads than We Are On Track to Educate An effective and equitable system requires reaching the California communities most in need

Where the students are, and aren’t 3 Interactive online map allows users to analyze community college participation by zip code area.

The darker the zip code area, the more people (per capita) enrolled Highest Lowest Average 4

Click an area to see its details 5

600 and above Below 300 The map uses a “Participation Index” 6 (Statewide average = 450) Full-time equivalent (FTE) enrollments for every 10,000 adults (age 18+) living in each zip code area

Click a dot to show information about the college 7 Note: Some college locations do not have data.

Special feature 1: Show other colleges Click the “Contents” icon (upper left) 8

Click on the word “CollegeParticipation2” 9

Click on the words “College Locations” to choose to show locations of additional types of colleges (enrollment not included) 10

Special Feature 2: Show by Need Click on “Participation by College Attainment” 11

Why? Because low enrollment in places already saturated with college degrees isn’t worrisome... 12

... Users can choose to show only the zip codes where few adults already have college degrees ( Equity Areas ) 13

Santa Cruz San Benito Merced Sonoma Yolo Colusa Lake Yuba Nevada Placer Mendocino Del Norte Humboldt Madera Tuolumne Mono Monterey Kings Calaveras Los Angeles Ventura San Diego Lassen Alameda Alpine Amador Butte Contra Costa El Dorado Fresno Glenn Imperial Inyo Kern Marin Mariposa Modoc Napa Orange Plumas Riverside Sacramento San Bernardino San Francisco San Joaquin San Luis Obispo San Mateo Santa Barbara Santa Clara Shasta Sierra Siskiyou Solano Stanislaus Sutter Tehama Trinity Tulare Analysis by Region Northern California Upper Sacramento Valley Sacramento Tahoe Central Sierra San Joaquin Valley Bay Area Central Coast Inland Empire San Diego Imperial Los Angeles Orange

15 Region Adult (18+) population Adults with degrees already CCC Participation Index Orange2,251,74340%579 Central Coast1,482,98533%484 San Diego/Imperial2,459,07437%474 Bay Area5,704,13846%451 Los Angeles7,360,64633%429 San Joaquin2,748,76821%427 Sacramento/Tahoe1,717,11835%423 Inland Empire2,960,67125%361 California27,657,57134%450

Orange County 16  The second most educated region in the state behind the Bay Area, Orange County has the highest community college participation in the state.  Per-capita participation is 29% higher than the state average.  Most of the region’s equity areas (where few people already have degrees) have high participation.  Many areas where most adults already have degrees also have high participation.

San Diego/Imperial 17  This well-educated and growing region has above-average community college participation.  All of Imperial County, just five percent of the region’s population, is an equity area.  Most equity areas across the region tend to have high participation.

Los Angeles 18  Community college participation in Los Angeles is 5% below the state average, and 26% below Orange County.  If L.A. had the same rate of participation as Orange County, it would have 110,000 more students (FTE), the equivalent of four more Santa Monica Colleges.  Among the many equity areas in L.A., higher participation tends to exist in the southern parts of the county (e.g. Long Beach and Norwalk).  People who live in Glendale have very high rates of community college enrollment (a participation index of more than 800 overall).

Inland Empire 19  Riverside and San Bernardino Counties are among the neediest in the state, but overall have the lowest community college enrollment.  Participation is 14% below the state average, and 33% below Orange County.  The Inland Empire has virtually no zip code with the highest category of participation, and has many equity areas with very low participation.  If the region had the same participation as the San Diego region, it would have 33,000 more students. If it matched Orange County, it would gain 65,000.

San Joaquin Valley 20  The region from Stockton to Bakersfield is the neediest in the state but has low community college enrollment, especially in the southern part of the region (Bakersfield).  Like Los Angeles, its participation is 5% below the state average and 26% below Orange County.  If the region had the same participation as the San Diego region, it would have 13,000 more students (FTE). If it matched Orange County it would gain 42,000.  Almost the whole region is made up of equity areas where few adults have degrees. Merced has the highest enrollment.

Sacramento/Tahoe 21  The Sacramento region’s overall participation is 6% below average, and 27% below Orange County.  Despite below-average participation overall, many of the Sacramento region’s equity areas have relatively high community college enrollment.  If the region had the same participation as Orange County, it would have 27,000 more students (FTE).

Bay Area 22  In this highly educated region, participation overall is just above the state average.  The Bay Area has several wealthy communities with high participation: Santa Rosa, Cupertino, Pleasant Hill, Aptos.  There are equity areas with low participation in San Leandro, Hayward, Richmond, San Jose and elsewhere (including immediately adjacent to the high-participation area of Pleasant Hill).

Central Coast 23  This area from Monterey and Hollister south to Ventura has the second-highest community college participation of the state’s major regions.  Unlike most other regions, the zip codes where more people already have degrees overall enroll more students than do the equity areas. This phenomenon is most pronounced in Santa Barbara County.

Is funding the explanation? 24  Taxpayer funding determines the number of classes and enrollment slots a college offers.  Funding is determined largely by historical enrollments.  But colleges can enroll any Californian, so who enrolls depends only in part on the location and funding of the colleges.

Participation also depends on what each college offers and how it is promoted.

Many factors beyond funding and location influence who enrolls, including:  The programs and courses offered  Class schedules  Preparation and advising at area high schools  Counseling by the college  Admissions and registration processes  Deadlines, waiting lists  Reputation of the college, the program, the instructors  Parking, traffic, and public transportation  Financial aid staffing and approach  Athletics  Diversity, language  Friends’ & relatives’ experiences 27

Also available: Where each community college’s enrollment comes from 28

Recommendations 29  California Competes Council:  Mayor Bob Foster, Long Beach (Chair)  Aida Alvarez, former administrator, U.S. Small Business Administration  Mayor Bill Bogaard, Pasadena  Kim Belshé, Executive Director, First 5 LA  Mark Cafferty, President and CEO, San Diego Regional Economic Development Corporation  Mayor Cheryl Cox, Chula Vista  Elizabeth Hill, former California Legislative Analyst  Fritz Grupe, Founder, Grupe Company  Paul Hudson, former CEO, Broadway Bank  Steven Koblik, President, Huntington Library  Ken McNeely, President, AT&T California  Lenny Mendonca, Senior Partner, McKinsey & Company  Mike Roos, Founder and Chief Consultant, Mike Roos & Company

The state should:  Create financial incentives for community colleges to enroll and successfully serve Californians living in areas of need (low levels of college education and other factors such as high poverty and unemployment).  Collect and analyze data on enrollment by other open- enrollment institutions including adult education, for- profit and nonprofit colleges, and UC/CSU extensions.  Support college-access efforts at high schools and outreach programs in areas with apparent need but low community college participation. 30

Data Sources 31  community college enrollment (credit and non-credit),* by campus and zip code: California Community College Chancellor’s Office  2010 population variables by zip code area (ZCTA): American Community Survey, U.S. Census  Other college location, enrollment, and demographic information: Integrated Postsecondary Education System, U.S. Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. *Cerritos College enrollment was imputed from prior-year enrollment data.

Thanks 32  For data matching and analysis: Charles Hatcher, Ph.D., and Informing Change.  For GIS mapping expertise: Remmert Dekker and John Roach.  A number of people gave us comments on early drafts that proved immensely helpful, including: PolicyLink, Jeremy Lahoud, Pamela Burdman, Tessa DeRoy, Hans Johnson, Tatiana Melguizo, Patrick Murphy, Patrick Perry and Nancy Shulock.  California Competes takes full responsibility for the final product.

This work was made possible by support from: 33  College Access Foundation of California  The Rosalinde and Arthur Gilbert Foundation  The James Irvine Foundation  The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation  Lumina Foundation  Evelyn & Walter Haas, Jr. Fund California Competes is a fiscally-sponsored project of Community Initiatives.

Questions and 34 Map :