Mutations and Cancer

Unit 3 - Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (Ch. 11 & 13) 1.Illustrate the structural component of DNA and create a flow-chart of DNA replication 2.Describe and illustrate (with a flow chart) the three different types of RNA and their roles in Transcription and Translation. 3.Recognize different causes of mutations and how they can lead to changes (both good and bad) within organisms. 4.Recognize and recall different tools and methods to test for DNA as well as manipulate genes. 5.Define Biotechnology 6.Identify methods used to extract DNA and make copies of DNA 7.List methods and terminology in genetic engineering and identification (ie. Vectors, Plasmids, Restriction Enzymes) 8.List methods used to engineer and identify transgenic organisms 9.Analyze Gel Electrophoresis stains to see genes that have been separated to identify particular traits 10.Describe the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction, and give at least one reason why this is a good technology tool to use 11.Identify the project used to map out the entire sequencing of the human genome.

4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s 3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT 2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help 1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help 0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!

Genetic Change What is a mutation? A change in the DNA sequence leading to a change in the genetic message

Mutation - any change in the DNA sequence which also changes the protein it codes for. a. usually have no affect, sometimes harmful, rarely beneficial b. cancer is a mutation of cell division regulation

Types of Mutations Point mutation –Involves one or a few bases in the DNA sequence –Could be base substitution, insertion or deletion Frameshift mutation –Changes DNA sequence and causes codons to be read differently –Could be insertion or deletion

Point mutation - a change in a single base pair. Ex: THE DOG BIT THE CAT. THE DOG BIT THE CAR.

Base Substitution One or few bases are replaced by different ones AGC CTA AGT CTA DNA UCG GAU UCA GAU mRNA Ser – Asp Ser – Asp Protein AGC CTA AGC TTA DNA UCG GAU UCG UAU mRNA Ser – Asp Ser – Tyr Protein May or may not change amino acid at that position Does NOT cause frameshift No Change

Frameshift mutation - a single base pair is added or deleted. Ex:THE DOG BIT THE CAT. *delete G THE DOB ITT HEC AT.

Frameshift Mutation Base deletion or insertion ALL codons after mutation read incorrectly.

Insertion Addition of one or few bases ATG CCT ATT GCC T AUG CCU AUU GCC U Met – Pro Iso – Ala Causes frameshift - changes how codon sequence is read Changes amino acid sequence

Deletion One or a few bases are removed TGC TCA G TG –T CAG ACG AGU GAC A GUC Thr – Ser Thr – Val Causes frameshift – changes how codon sequence is read Amino acid sequence is changed

Chromosomal Mutations - changes in chromosomes *broken off and lost, or rejoined incorrectly 1. Can cause non-disjunction - resulting in extra copy or missing chromosome 2. Traits are often not passed on

Chromosomal Mutations Click on picture to watch video

Changing chromosome structure Deletion: part lost. segment C deleted

Changing chromosome structure Duplication: part on other chromosome so it has 2 (or more!). normal chromosome one segment repeated three repeats

Changing chromosome structure Inversion: part backwards. segments G, H, I become inverted

Changing chromosome structure Translocation example one chromosome a nonhomologous chromosome

Causes of mutations 1. Spontaneous 2. Mutagen - agent that can cause a change in DNA a. High energy radiation b. Chemicals c. High temperatures

Cause and Effect of Carcinogens Cancer –Disease identified by uncontrolled cell division and the ability of the cells to spread to other parts of the body Carcinogens –Agents thought to cause cancer –Examples are chemicals such as cigarette tar, pesticides, and ionizing radiation such as X rays or UV rays from the sun

Unit 3 - Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology (Ch. 11 & 13) 1.Illustrate the structural component of DNA and create a flow-chart of DNA replication 2.Describe and illustrate (with a flow chart) the three different types of RNA and their roles in Transcription and Translation. 3.Recognize different causes of mutations and how they can lead to changes (both good and bad) within organisms. 4.Recognize and recall different tools and methods to test for DNA as well as manipulate genes. 5.Define Biotechnology 6.Identify methods used to extract DNA and make copies of DNA 7.List methods and terminology in genetic engineering and identification (ie. Vectors, Plasmids, Restriction Enzymes) 8.List methods used to engineer and identify transgenic organisms 9.Analyze Gel Electrophoresis stains to see genes that have been separated to identify particular traits 10.Describe the process of Polymerase Chain Reaction, and give at least one reason why this is a good technology tool to use 11.Identify the project used to map out the entire sequencing of the human genome.

4: Same as a 3.0 but I can make inferences & application to the SWBAT’s 3: I COMPLETELY understand all parts of the SWBAT 2: I understand MOST of the SWBAT’s with teacher help 1:I understand a little of the SWBAT’s but need teacher help 0:I do NOT understand any part of the SWBAT’s and need help!