Chapter 1

The Study of Life Section 1: Introduction to Biology Section 2: The Nature of Science Section 3: Methods of Science

Section 1

Biology—the science of life  Study the origins and history of life and once-living things  Study the structures of living things The Study of Life  Study how living things interact with one another  Study how living things function Introduction to Biology Section 1

What do biologists do?  Study the diversity of life  Research diseases The Study of Life  Develop technologies  Improve agriculture  Preserve the environment Introduction to Biology Section 1

The Characteristics of Life The Study of Life Introduction to Biology Section 1 1. Made of one or more cells Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. Living things are made of one or more cells. 2. Displays organization Living things are arranged in an orderly way. Specialized cells  tissues  organs  organ systems Organ systems work together to support organisms

The Characteristics of Life 3. Grows and develops Growth results in the addition of mass to an organism and, in many organisms, the formation of new cells and new structures. 4. Reproduces Not essential for survival, but it is essential for the continuation of the species. Species -a group of organisms that can breed with one another and produce fertile offspring

The Characteristics of Life 5. Responds to stimuli Anything that is part of the internal or external environments and causes a reaction by the organism is called a stimulus. The reaction to a stimulus is a response. 6. Requires energy Living things get their energy from food. Plants and some unicellular organisms use light energy from the Sun Organisms that cannot make their own food get energy by consuming other organisms.

The Characteristics of Life 7. Maintains homeostasis Regulation of an organism’s internal conditions 8. Adaptations evolve over time Adaptations enable organisms to survive and pass on their genes to the next generation. An adaptation is any inherited characteristic that results from changes to a species over time.

The Study of Life Section 1 Table 1.1 Characteristics of Living Organism

Section 2

Scientific Theory v. Scientific Law  A theory is an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by many observations and experiments over time. The Study of Life  A scientific law describes relationships under certain conditions in nature, but does not explain why the relationship is the way it is. The Nature of Science Section 2

What is science?  Science is a body of knowledge based on the study of nature.  The nature, or essential characteristics, of science is scientific inquiry. The Study of Life  Scientific inquiry is a process rooted in unbiased observations and experimentation. The Nature of Science Section 2

What does science do? The Study of Life The Nature of Science Section 2 Makes observations and draws conclusions Expands Knowledge Challenges Accepted Theories Questions Results

The Study of Life The Nature of Science Section 2

What does science do? Tests Claims Undergoes Peer Review The Nature of Science Section 2 The Study of Life

Steps of Scientific Inquiry Ask a Question Scientific inquiry begins with observation. Form a Hypothesis Collect the Data Controlled Experiments The Study of Life Section 2 The Nature of Science

Section 3

Controlled Experiments The Study of Life  A control group in an experiment is a group used for comparison.  The experimental group is the group exposed to the factor being tested. Methods of Science Section 3

Experimental Design The Study of Life  Independent variable—only one factor in a controlled experiment can change at a time.  Dependent variable—results from or depends on changes to the independent variable. Methods of Science Dependent and Independent Variables Section 3

Data Gathering The Study of Life  Data—information gained from observations.  Quantitative data has numerical value  measurements of time, temperature, length, mass, area, volume, density, or other factors.  Qualitative data are descriptions of what our senses detect. Methods of Science Section 3

Data Gathering The Study of Life  Observations are a direct method of gathering information in an orderly way.  Notes, pictures, drawings  Inferences combine what you know with what you have learned to draw a conclusion. Methods of Science Section 3

The Study of Life Metric System  SI units are used in science for.  The metric system uses units with divisions that are powers of ten. Methods of Science Section 3

Analyze the Data The Study of Life  A graph of the data makes the pattern easier to grasp.  Even when a hypothesis has not been supported, it is valuable. Methods of Science Section 3

Report Conclusions Methods of Science The Study of Life  If the reviewers agree on the merit of the paper, then the paper is published for review by the public and use by other scientists. Section 3

The Study of Life Section 3

Chapter Resource Menu The Study of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter connected.mcgraw-hill.com

The Study of Life Why is the metric system preferred by scientists? Answer: Using the same system of measurements allows a scientist to repeat another’s work knowing that he or she is performing the experiments exactly the same. Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 A. observation B. hypothesis C. experiment D. constant Chapter Diagnostic Questions The Study of Life What is a testable explanation? Chapter

CDQ 3 The Study of Life Chapter Diagnostic Questions Which is not a characteristic of all organisms? Chapter A. made of one or more cells B. grows and develops capable of rational C. maintains homeostasis thought

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 The Study of Life A. exploration B. dynamics C. physics D. technology Section 1 Formative Questions What area of science takes scientific knowledge and applies it to meet human needs? Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 The Study of Life A. adaptation B. development C. growth D. maturation What is the process of change that takes place during the life of an organism? Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions

FQ 3 1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D The Study of Life A. acquiring energy B. adapting to the environment C. displaying organization D. responding to stimuli Some species of plants begin opening their flowers in the morning when they are exposed to sunlight. What characteristic of living things does this represent? Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 The Study of Life A. adaptation B. equilibrium C. homeostasis D. metabolism What process regulates an organism’s internal conditions and keeps them stable? Chapter Section 1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 A. a body of knowledge about a natural phenomenon B. a creative tool for designing investigations C. a scientific inquiry that seeks to provide an explanation D. an explanation supportedby observations and experiments The Study of Life What is a theory? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B FQ 6 The Study of Life Scientists discard observations and data that are not consistent with current scientific understanding. A. true B. false Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 The Study of Life A. forensics B. peer review C. scientific methods D. the metric system A scientist wants to report the findings from her investigations. Before her information can be published, what must it go through? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 The Study of Life A. They involve ethics. B. They involve forensics. C. They are examples of pseudoscience. D. They require the metric system. What do issues such as AIDS, global warming, genetic engineering, and cloning have in common? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 The Study of Life A. a conjecture B. an inference C. a speculation D. a theory When you form a logical conclusion based on your observations and what you already know, what are you making? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 10 The Study of Life A. a defined question B. a curious assumption C. a tested inference D. a testable explanation What is a hypothesis? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 11 The Study of Life A. accidental B. anticipated C. ingenious D. whimsical What type of discovery is a serendipitous discovery? Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B FQ 12 The Study of Life In order for scientific experiments to be valid, they must be based on scientific methods that use controlled experiments. A. true B. false Chapter Section 2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 1 The Study of Life A. forensics B. natural law C. theory D. physics Chapter Assessment Questions Identify the term used to describe an explanation of a natural phenomenon supported by observation and experimentation. Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 2 The Study of Life A. control group B. experimental group C. dependent variable D. independent variable Chapter Assessment Questions In a controlled experiment, which factor can change? Chapter

The Study of Life Look at the figure below. Why is scientific data often displayed in graphs? Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 3 Chapter

Answer: Graphs help show patterns in the data and make it easier to understand. The Study of Life Chapter Assessment Questions CAQ 4 Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 1 The Study of Life A. ecology B. genetics C. animal behavior D. biotechnology Standardized Test Practice Which biological science was Jane Goodall studying when she observed chimpanzees? Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 The Study of Life A. genetically engineering plants B. finding ways to protect species C. preventing the spreadof disease D. developing new medicines and vaccines Standardized Test Practice In which activity would an environmental biologist most likely be involved? Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 The Study of Life A. It brings up more questions. B. It causes disagreement and debate. C. It does not welcome scientific investigation. D. It does not receive acceptance by scientists. Standardized Test Practice Which is an indication that an idea is based on pseudoscience? Chapter

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 4 The Study of Life A. food containing Razatrin B. food without Razatrin food containing another drug C. food containing a variety of drugs Standardized Test Practice Scientists use laboratory rats to test the effects of a new drug, Razatrin. What do rats in the control group receive? Chapter

1.A 2.B STP 5 The Study of Life Standardized Test Practice B. number of days A. mass Which is the dependent variable in this experiment? Chapter

The Study of Life Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter

The Study of Life Image Bank Chapter

Vocabulary The Study of Life biology organism organization growth development reproduction species Section 1 stimulus response homeostasis adaptation Section 1

The Study of Life science theory peer review law ethics Vocabulary Section 2

The Study of Life observation inference scientific method hypothesis experiment control group SI experimental group independent variable dependent variable constant data safety symbol Metric system Vocabulary Section 3

The Study of Life  Visualizing Scientific Methods Visualizing Scientific Methods Animation Chapter

The Study of Life Chapter