Georgia Studies Unit 6: The New South Lesson 1: Economics of the New South Study Presentation

The Bourbon Triumvirate Democrats controlled Georgia’s government after Reconstruction. Powerful Democratic leaders, known as the “Bourbon Triumvirate” were Joseph E. Brown, Alfred H. Colquitt, and John B. Gordon. Their goals were: –expand Georgia’s economy and ties with industries in the North; –maintain the tradition of white supremacy.

Joseph E. BrownAlfred ColquittJohn Gordon

Decline of the Bourbon Triumvirate “Independent Democrats” criticized the Bourbons for not attending to the needs of the poor or improve education and working conditions in factories. Leaders William and Rebecca Latimer Felton worked to improve conditions for poor Georgians using newspapers to highlight problems in the state. Rebecca Latimer Felton later briefly served as the first female United States Senator (from November 21, 1922 until the next day). The convict lease system “rented” prisoners to companies to use as workers. It took many years for the poor conditions the prisoners endured to be brought to light and changed.

The Bourbon Triumvirate group of three (Brown, Colquitt, Gordon)—wanted to strengthen economic ties with the North, while keeping white supremacy—considered old Southern traditions Successes State taxes lowered State war debts reduced Business and industry expanded Failures Did not improve lives of poor Education suffered Did not reform prisons Poor working conditions in factories

Rebecca Latimer Felton

The New South Era Challengers to the Bourbon Triumvirate wanted Georgia to be more industrialized. Henry Grady was a speaker and newspaper editor. Grady described Georgia as a place which could have competitive industry and more efficient farming. Grady envisioned improved race relations in a “New South” which left its antebellum past behind.

Henry Grady “Father of the NEW SOUTH”

Business in Georgia First International Cotton Exposition was held in Helped to show off the economic recovery of the South after Reconstruction. Other International Cotton Expositions were held in 1887 and International Cotton Exposition –800,000 visitors in three months –designed to show economic recovery in the South –encouraged investments in southern businesses

Education in the New South Era Funding to provide elementary education for all children in Georgia grew slowly from Teachers were paid a little more than farm hands and had little or no training. Normal schools were started to train more teachers. The “school year” was only three months long which allowed children to work on farms or in factories. The state constitution of 1877 did not allow for school beyond 8th grade and segregated black and white students.

Agriculture in the New South Era Crop prices declined through the 1870s. The Grange and the Farmers’ Alliance started out as social groups but began to reorganize to put pressure on lawmakers to find ways to help farmers. This was knows as populism. Georgia created the first state to have a Department of Agriculture. Co-ops allowed farmers to work together to buy goods and equipment at a lower cost.

The People’s Party Populists: Supporters of a political idea (populism) that supported the rights of the “common” people in their struggle with the wealthy people Poor farmers and low wage workers were followers of Populists Grange and Farmer’s Alliance worked to protect farmers’ rights – joined with unions to create People’s Party Wanted “Australian ballot” – printed by the government, not local political parties, then collected and locked in ballot boxes Tom Watson, famous Georgia populist, worked for Rural Free Delivery bill to deliver mail to rural areas for free

Georgia’s Progressive Era Governors Hoke Smith: worked to concentrate political power in the rural counties instead of larger counties and cities –white supremacist –led passage of law requiring land ownership before a person could vote – excluded many blacks –better funding of public schools –child labor laws passed –Smith-Lever Act (1914): created Agricultural Extension Service to teach improved farming methods –Smith-Hughes Act: helped establish vocational schools for youth “Little Joe” Brown: son of Civil War era governor Joseph E. Brown

The Progressive Movement Goal: Progress! SocietyBusinessGovernment fight poverty Improve child labor laws improve working conditions votes for women prison reform outlaw alcohol break up large corporations regulate businesses decrease corporate power in government greater voice of “the people” more voters did not seek to increase participation of blacks in elections

1906 Atlanta Riot Began as a result of racial tensions between white and black citizens of Atlanta In 1906, Hoke Smith (former publisher of the Atlanta Journal) and Clark Howell (editor of the Atlanta Constitution) were running for election as Georgia’s governor in Both men used their influence in the media to try and take away voting rights for black citizens. Newspapers began to publish stories about African American men attacking white women. Rioting began on September 22 nd and lasted until September 26 th. Military forces are eventually brought in to help end the riots. 21 people killed; hundreds of others wounded and large amounts of property were destroyed

Race Riots in Atlanta

The Trial of Leo Frank 1913: man accused of killing a 14-year-old employee, Mary Phagan in Atlanta Mr. Frank was a Jewish man from New York Little evidence against Mr. Frank, but he was convicted and sentenced to death Governor Slaton changed death sentence to life imprisonment Armed men, calling themselves the Knights of Mary Phagan, took Frank from the prison, and he was lynched White supremacist Ku Klux Klan reborn from the members of the Knights of Mary Phagan

Mary Phagan Leo Frank Lynching in Marietta

The County Unit System In 1917,the Neil Primary Act created the “county unit system”. Plan designed to give small counties more power in state government so that the larger counties (which contained large numbers of black voters) would have less power Smaller counties had more county unit “votes” even though they had fewer voters People could be elected to office without getting a majority of votes Declared unconstitutional in 1962

Lesson 2: Social and Political Change ESSENTIAL QUESTION : –How did influential African Americans influence social, political, and economic change?

Civil Rights The rights that a person has simply because he or she is a citizen. For example: freedom of speech, freedom of religion and press, the right to privacy, protection by due process of law, a trial by a jury of one’s peers (equals), property ownership, voting (if qualified), access to jobs, and ability to travel wherever one wishes inside the country.

During the late 1800s and early 1900s, the concept of white supremacy was popular not only in the South, but also in other areas of the western world. During Reconstruction and the New South era, most whites and many African Americans accepted racial segregation as a natural way of life.

Separate but Equal Jim Crow laws were passed to establish “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacks. Separate Facilities Restrooms Water Fountains Railroad Cars Waiting Rooms Lodging Restaurants Schools

Jim Crow Laws In 1889, the Georgia General Assembly segregated a number of public facilities including: Theatres Prison camps Water fountains Restrooms **Rarely were they equal to those set aside for whites.

29 EXAMPLES OF SEGREGATED FACILITIES

African Americans Protested... Protested the Jim Crow Laws in public meetings throughout the nation. Henry McNeal Turner called the new civil rights laws and the segregation that followed “barbarous!”

Separate But Equal Civil Rights: rights a person has as a citizen Jim Crow laws passed to separate blacks and whites; legal basis for segregation (separation of people based on race) Plessy v. Ferguson: Homer Plessy, in an act of planned civil disobedience, was arrested for sitting in a white only train car. Plessy, who was only 1/8 black, was considered colored in Louisiana. Supreme Court decided that segregation (Jim Crow Laws) was allowed by federal law in public institutions as long as they were “separate but equal” – decision in place until 1954 (Brown v. Board of Education).

Population By 1900, almost 12% of the African Americans in the nation lived in Georgia. 47% of Georgia’s population were African Americans.

A Loss of Voting Rights Rules created to keep African Americans in Georgia from voting (disenfranchisement): –Poll tax: a tax paid to vote –Voters had to own property –Voters had to pass a literacy test (which was determined by the poll worker and could be different for different people) –Grandfather clause: only those men whose fathers or grandfathers were eligible to vote in 1867 could vote –Gerrymandering: election districts drawn up to divide the African American voters

Racial Violence Race riots and terrorist activities (like the 1906 Atlanta Riot and the lynching of Leo Frank) increased during the New South ( ). White Supremacist Groups, like the Ku Klux Klan, continued to spread and grow throughout the South during this time period. Racial violence in the United States (particularly in the South) continued for decades and would not begin to slow until the civil rights movement of the 1960’s.

2,500 reported lynchings (illegal hangings, usually by mobs) or burnings at the stake of African Americans Racial Unrest

Booker T. Washington Outstanding civil rights leader of the era President of Tuskegee Institute in Alabama Supported good relations between blacks and whites Worked to improve the lives of African Americans through economic independence Believed social and political equality would come with improved economic conditions and education (known as accommodationism). Gave the famous “Atlanta Compromise” speech in 1895; discussed his ideas of shared responsibility and the importance of education over equality.

Atlanta Compromise Speech Washington spoke at the opening of the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta. Racially mixed crowd What he said that day shaped race relations and strongly influenced black leadership for the next 20 years. He proposed that blacks and whites should agree to benefit from each other.

W. E. B. DuBois Professor at Atlanta University Recognized the importance of speeches given by Booker T. Washington but did not agree with accommodationism Believed in “action” if African Americans and whites were to understand and accept each other Thought Booker T. Washington was too accepting of social injustice Began urging black activists to organize together in protest against segregation and discrimination.

African Americans Organize W.E.B. DuBois founded the Niagara movement; group which met in Niagara Falls to assemble a list of demands, which included the end of segregation and discrimination NAACP (1909): National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Worked for the rights of African Americans W.E.B. DuBois left Atlanta to work for the NAACP in New York National Urban League formed in 1910 –Worked to solve social problems of African Americans in cities –Assisted people moving from rural South to urban North

African Americans Organize THE NAACP – National Association for the Advancement of Colored People --Work for the rights of African Americans  The National Urban League  --Interracial group which worked to solve social problems facing African Americans who lived in the cities.

John and Lugenia Burns Hope John Hope was a Civil rights leader from Augusta, GA President of Atlanta University Like DuBois, believed that African Americans should actively work for equality Part of group that organized NAACP Hope’s wife, Lugenia, worked to improve sanitation, roads, healthcare and education for African American neighborhoods in Atlanta

John Hope Disagreed with Booker T. Washington... “If we are not striving for equality, in heaven’s name, for what are we living?... Now catch your breath, for I am going to use an adjective. I am going to say we demand social equality.”

Atlanta Mutual Insurance Company Alonzo Herndon started barber business 1905: Purchased small insurance company and managed it well Now one of the largest African American businesses in the US Worth over $200 million and operates in 17 states

Women’s Suffrage Suffrage: the right to vote Seneca Falls, NY – famous meeting of suffragettes 1920: 19 th Amendment gives women the right to vote – Georgia did not ratify (approve) the amendment

Lesson 3: Georgia and the Great War ESSENTIAL QUESTION : –What were Georgia’s contributions to World War I? –How did World War I impact Georgia?

Causes of World War I Long Term causes 1.Nationalism- loyalty to one’s country. 2.Alliance System- system of secret “friendships” all across Europe 3.Militarism- Focus on building military power.

Causes of World War I On June 28, 1914, an assassin gunned down Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary Austria-Hungary believed that Serbia's government was behind the assassination. When the fighting began, France, Russia, and Great Britain backed Serbia. They opposed the Central Powers, made up of Austria-Hungary and Germany. Austria-Hungary seized the opportunity to declare war on Serbia and settle an old feud. Originally called the “Great War” due to the numerous nations that fought and the great cost of lives and property.

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife, Sophie. Also pictured are daughter, Sophie and son, Maximilian. Gavrilo Princip, assassin and Slavic nationalist

1911 Gräf & Stift open car in which Archduke Ferdinand was killed by Gavrilo Princip, triggering WWI.

World War I Allied Powers Leading Countries Central Powers Leading Countries France Great Britain Russia (United States joined in 1917) Germany Austria-Hungary Ottoman Empire President Woodrow Wilson declared the US would be a neutral country.

Alliances Worldwide Allies (some entered the war or dropped out later) Central PowersNeutral Countries

The United States Enters the War President Wilson worked to keep the US out of the war 1915: German submarine sank passenger ship Lusitania killing 128 Americans 1917: sub attacks resumed sinking American cargo ships Zimmerman telegram: Germany tried to get Mexico to attack the US Wilson finally joined the Allied powers

“Trench Warfare” was most common method of fighting during war

Trench Warfare

What war pictures are these similar too? Péronne during the Battle of the Somme, Robert Carlson. "Don't be angry, just be amazed," was the calling card left by Germans on the destroyed town hall of Péronne after their withdrawal to the Hindenberg Civil War – Sherman’s March to the Sea.

Many new weapons of war used for first time during World War I

Georgia and World War I ±100,000 Georgians volunteered to join the US armed forces Training in Georgia at Camp Benning, Fort McPherson, Camp Gordon, and Camp Hancock helped Georgia economy Georgians contributed manufactured goods and farm produce 3,000 young Georgians killed in the war On November 11, 1918, Germany surrendered ending what President Wilson called “the war to end all wars”

GEORGIA CONTRIBUTIONS TO WORLD WAR I SOLDIERS and WOMEN VOLUNTEERS MILITARY TRAINING CAMPS SUPPLIES

Southern Textile Mills How they helped the war effort? Made material for clothing.

How did railroads help the war? 1. Transported weapons 2. Transported soldiers 3. Transported supplies

**War officially ends on November 11, 1918 (Armistice Day) **The Central Powers lose land and power 100,000 men and women to the war effort with 3,000 Georgians dead.