Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 1 / 10 The Batteries in Dynamic Use Power ≤ 25 kW: 12V, 24V, 36V, 48V, 72V 300 A (max) Below 3,000 Kg Automotive, Logistics, UPS More than 1,000,000 15,000 € 100V, 360V, 720V, 1800V 500 A (med) Above 3,000 Kg Less than 20,000 E-Harvesting, Logistics, UPS 150,000 € Power ≥ 25 kW: Voltage Current Weight Applications Units / Year Cost / Unit LOAD

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 2 / 10 Toyota Prius 2012 (ZVW30) 4.4 kW Lithium-Ion, V 4 hours/day, 250 days/year 1,100 kWh/year Toyota Traigo 1800Kg (8FBET18) 36kWh Lead Acid, 48V 24 hours/day, 2 packs/day 250 days/year 18,000 kWh/year In 2012 Worldwide operated ’24/7’ about 300,000 El.ForkLifts with Battery Energy-Equivalent to 5,900,000 Hybrid Cars ’16’ = ‘1’ When? --- Needed --- Now ! Japanese --- Maker --- Who ? 200 V --- Voltage V ! People --- Transport --- Materials Many --- Restrictions --- Few

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 3 / 10 Target # 1 Fork-Lifts Mobile 48 Volt Technology Business Target # 2 Start-Stop Starter-Alternator Target # 3 eBikes 15 kW HF AC/DC N x 15 kW Grid Chargers Charging from Grid 15 kW Hybrid BMS 15 kW HF DC/DC kW Energy Recovery System Monolithic BMS 100 Wh SuperCap Pack 15 kWh Battery Pack 3 kW HF AC/DC 3 kW Hybrid BMS 3 kW HF DC/DC kW Energy Recovery System 0.5 kWh Battery Pack 5 Wh SuperCap Pack Monolithic BMS

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 4 / 10 Typical 5kW System on 48V has optimum I/O timing 1:10 ‘Optimum’ means: 1. Total Energy €fficiency ~ 60% a) Discharge Efficiency ~ 80% b) Charging Efficiency ~70% 2. Battery Life Span ~ 5 years While Charging with 10 A DC and Discharging with 100 A DC. Battery 48V Controller Charger 380 V AC UPS 48 V DC M/G 48 V AC 100 A DC 10 A DC 5 kW System ‘Optimum’ Days: Battery Life Span ~ 5-6 years EU, USA Weeks: Battery Life Span ~ 2-3 years 3 rd World Hours: Battery Life Span ~ 1-2 years

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 5 / 10 The Consequences of Energy I/O timing different than 1:10 Emergency Situations due to: 1. Accelerated Equipment Corrosion. 2. Higher Temperature and Fire. 3. Hydrogen Generation/Explosion/. Substantial Cost to User due to: 1. Frequent Battery Purchases. 2. Frequent Servicing needed. 3. Higher Electric Power Losses. The Immediate Solution: BMS on Cell Level in Real-Time: - Information: V, SoC, Tº, SoH. - Emergency Management. - Remote Control. - Maintenance Scheduling. µUSB On/Off Sensor Balancer Charger Controller Monitor ÷24 Cells, each 5÷50 Ah ICs PCB The Business Case: The Immediate need 2015: ~ 500,000 units / year Market Price ~ 350 € /unit Factory Price ~ 120 € /unit HW Development ~ 150,000 € SW Development ~ 150,000 € Marketing ~ 150,000 € Summary for: 1 st year for 500,000 units: Investment = - 450,000 € Gain = + 114,550,000 € 2 nd year for 500,000 units: Re-design = - 200,000 € Gain = + 114,800,000 €

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 6 / 10 BMS Structure for Multiple 48V Lead Acid Batteries

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 7 / 10 Controller Rectifier Battery 48V SuperCap 48V DC-to-DC 380 V AC UPS 48 V DC M/G 48 V AC Fast Energy PathSlow Energy Path Common BMS The Long-Term Solution: - Life Span 12÷15 years - 100% Remote Control - Maintenance Free

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 8 / km/h Max Speed 720 Nm Torque 2.1 sec to 100km/h 230 Kg Weight km/h 90 70km/h Battery & SuperCap 47.3 Kg Weight 6.2 kWh Capacity 40C Max Discharge 4C Max Charge(15min) Cell-Dynamic BMS-CPU The 56kW Demonstrator = The SuperKart of RFIC-Lab, TUT Finland KERS Motor & Transmission 48 V Development 56 kW Cont. Power 84 kW Max. Power 31.4 Kg Weight 2 : 1 Power-to-Weight R.

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 9 / 10 Super-Capacitor V Ah The Super-Battery Project 3,000 € Standard Battery I/O for 2,000 Cycles 5,500 € Super Battery I/O for 800,000 Cycles For 100 % Charge η = 70% 35 A 8 hours For 100 % To Load η = 65% 400 A 20 min For 100 % Return η = 30% 200 A 320 min Main Applications: Fork-Lifts, Automotive, UPS, Tools... Battery 48V 50Ah For 100 % Charge η = 80% 3000 A for only 6 sec For 100 % To Load η = 80% 400 A 45 sec For 100 % Return η = 80% 3000 A for only 6 sec RF-DCDC Converters 48V 3000A Cell Balancers Battery 48V 200Ah

Prof. Nikolay T. Tchamov Korkeakoulunkatu-1, TH – Tampere, Finland Tampere University of Technology RFIC Laboratory, Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering +358-(0) Sep Page 10 / 10 IoET and EStorages in the ‘Smart’ Grid