2007 Lecture Series Professor Joseph A. Camilleri Citizenship & Governance in the ‘Age of Terror & Global Warming’ ‘Age of Terror & Global Warming’

Governance & Citizenship age of uncertainty... in the age of uncertainty... _______________________________ Understanding of governance and citizenship in the West = product of intellectual & political currents we associate with the rise ofmodernindustrialsovereign liberal - democratic nationalSTATE

Governance & Citizenship in the a ge of uncertainty... _______________________________ How does notion of modern, industrial, sovereign, liberal-democratic, national state in system of sovereign states handle vastly altered conditions of world of transnational flows people, goods & services, capital, technology, arms, information, images, carbon emissions, viruses CROSS BORDERS ever increasing scale, speed & intensity

Global Warming Source: This & next 4 slides are by Robert T. Watson, Chairman, Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change & Chief Scientist and Director ESSD, World Bank

Global Warming

Climate change is a transnational social phenomenon

Global Warming Global warming = atmospheric flows that: cross geopolitical borders  connections (spatial & social) affect and are affected by a multiplicity of actors are beyond the competence of any one actor to control (even the hegemon) risk society’are the result of risk taking (transactions in the political marketplace) – ‘risk society’ ‘globalisation of insecurity’breed uncertainty and insecurity – ‘globalisation of insecurity’ elicit over time a transnational consciousness (world public opinion) ‘Locality, culture, identity’‘Locality, culture, identity’ remain important yardsticks of social and political action.

Terror ________________________________________________________________ Terrorism psychological political Terrorism = use of terror as a psychological device to achieve political ends It is as old as human history It is used by groups large and small: –Powerful –Powerful groups (e.g. states) out to consolidate their rule or win a war –Weak –Weak organisations that want to overthrow or undermine a government or power structure

ATTACKS ON U.S. INTERESTS PRIOR TO SEPTEMBER 11 _________________________________________________________ April 1983 Suicide bombing outside US embassy in West Beirut, 63 killed including 17 Americans, 100 wounded including 40 Americans Oct 1983Suicide bomb attacks on US Marines Compound (241 killed and over 100 wounded) Sept 1984 UN embassy building East Beirut attacked by suicide bomber leaving 8 dead and dozens wounded June 1985TWA airliner hijacked. 39 hostages freed after 2 weeks Dec 1988 Lockerbie disaster, 270 killed Feb 1993Car bomb explosion at World Trade Center NY: 6 killed, 1,000 injured June 1996Car bomb destroys transport facility, Saudi Arabia, 19 killed, 515 injured Nov 1997Mass shooting at Luxor, 62 (mostly European & Japanese tourists) killed Aug 1998Car bomb attacks on 2 US embassies with a total of 5,341 casualties Oct 2000Suicide attack on the USS Cole docked in Yemen, 17 dead 30 injured.

MAJOR ATTACKS BLAMED ON AL QAEDA SINCE SEPTEMBER 11 ___________________________________________________________________ April Bomb attack on synagogue in Tunisia kills 21 people, including 18 German tourists 6 October A crew member dies after bomb attack on French oil tanker off the coast of Yemen 12 October A bomb explodes in Bali nightclub killing 202 people, many of them Westerners 28 November 2 attacks launched against Israeli targets in Mombasa, Kenya – hotel blast kills 16

Terrorism since 2003 _________________________________________________________ No of attacks 2083,16811,111 No of deaths 625 1,907 14,602 No of injuries3,646 6,704 24,705 Source : Rep. Henry a. Waxman, ranking minority member, Committee on Government Reform, U.S. House of Representatives, April 28,

Terror _______________________________________________ Terrorism = flows of people / arms / images / messges that: Cross geopolitical borders  connections (spatial & social) Affect and are affected by a multiplicity of actors Exceed the competence of any one actor to control (even the hegemon) risk society’Result from and contribute to risk taking (transactions in the political marketplace) – ‘risk society’ ‘globalisation of insecurity’Breed uncertainty and insecurity – ‘globalisation of insecurity’ Elicit over time a transnational consciousness (world public opinion) ‘locality, culture, identity’Reflect the importance of ‘locality, culture, identity’ as yardsticks of social and political action.

Implications for Governance Implications for Governance ______________________________________________ Global warming & international terrorism illustrate similar trends These are far-reaching trends that pervade The entire world of transnational flows in which people, goods & services, capital, technology, arms, information, images, carbon emissions and viruses CROSS BORDERS in ever increasing scale, speed & intensity In such a world: Governance can no longer operate purely within the confines of the modern, industrial, sovereign, liberal-democratic, national state operating within a system of sovereign states Hence: emergence over a transitional period of 6-10 decades of a complex, multi-tiered, multidimensional system of Governance that is still rapidly evolving

Regional Organisation s Global Organisations Provincial Governmen t Municipalit y National State Tiers of Governance

Local International National Provincial Regional Multidimensional Governance

citizenship _______________________________________________, In this period of transition, the key question is: how to adapt to this new phase in human evolution Key to successful adaptation involves: Reshaping citizenship and governance to meet the needs of world = simultaneously singular & plural A world of multiple and overlapping political spaces, identities & allegiances

citizenship _______________________________________________ Multi-tiered, multi-dimensional framework of governance must be supported by a new kind of citizenship Citizenship that can: Function in multiple political spaces Negotiate cultural difference Assess policy against benchmark of human security Nurture a process of comprehensive democratic renewal: Democratisation of all tiers of public governance : ■ Local ■ Provincial ■ National ■ Regional ■ International Democratisation of the market Strengthening & democratisation of civil society

2007 Lecture Series Professor Joseph A. Camilleri Citizenship & Governance in the ‘Age of Terror & Global Warming’ ‘Age of Terror & Global Warming’