CHAPTER 26 Cold War Politics in the Truman Years, The American Promise A History of the United States Fifth Edition

Following the war…. Allies fought over the future of Germany…. Both US and Soviet Union wanted to demilitarize Germany… US wanted rapid industrial revival in Germany.. This would foster European economic recovery and therefore, help America’s long term prosperity. However, the Soviet Union wanted Germany to be weak both militarily and economically…and Stalin demanded heavy reparations from Germany to help rebuild the devastated soviet economy….

In 1947…US began to implement the doctrine of containment…Americans wanted to take a hard line against the soviet union but also wanted to keep both their tax dollars and their men at home.. Truman had to convince a Republican-controlled Congress to help Greece and Turkey that now needed aid. He was afraid that if Greece and Turkey fell to communism then communism would soon consume ¾ of the world..take over. Truman warned that if Greece fell into the hands of leftist rebels, “confusion and disorder” would spread throughout the entire Middle East and eventually would threaten Europe. Republican foreign policy leader, Arthur Vandenberg told Truman that to get approval, he would have to “scare hell out of the country”… So that’s what Truman did.

I. From the Grand Alliance to Containment A. The Truman Doctrine 1. The domino theory 2. The Truman Doctrine : “support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures”

I. From the Grand Alliance to Containment B. The Marshall Plan 3. The Marshall Plan - Congress authorized aid for Greece and Turkey and later followed with a much larger assistance program for Europe 4. Opportunities for American investment- boost in U.S. economy 5. The Berlin airlift- airlifted goods to West Berliners for nearly a year

I. From the Grand Alliance to Containment C. Building a National Security State 1. Developing atomic weapons : Advocates of the new policy of containment quickly developed a defense strategy to back it up; after learning that the Soviets had successfully detonated an atomic bomb, thus ending the U.S. monopoly on nuclear weapons, Truman approved development of an even deadlier weapon, a hydrogen bomb; the Soviets soon followed with their own hydrogen bomb; from the 1950s to the 1980s, deterrence formed the basis of American nuclear strategy; created an ever-escalating arms race. 2. Strengthening traditional military power

I. From the Grand Alliance to Containment C. Building a National Security State 3. Forging military alliances with other nations 4. Strengthening friendly countries 5. Establishing a secret spy network to subvert communist expansion 6. Capturing hearts and minds

I. From the Grand Alliance to Containment D. Superpower Rivalry around the Globe 1. National liberation movements 2. Adopting communist ideas 3. Chinese civil war 4. Japan 5. Palestine

II. Truman and the Fair Deal at Home A. Reconverting to a Peacetime Economy 1. Sustaining wartime prosperity 2. Inflation 3. Labor relations 4. Women workers 5. A stabilized economy 6. The Servicemen’s Readjustment Act

II. Truman and the Fair Deal at Home B. Blacks and Mexican Americans Push for Their Civil Rights 1. A renewed determination to combat racial injustices 2. America’s racist reputation 3. Truman’s civil rights program 4. Lack of implementation 5. Mexican Americans

II. Truman and the Fair Deal at Home C. The Fair Deal Flounders 1. The Republicans take Congress 2. Targeting organized labor 3. The election of The failure of the Fair Deal

II. Truman and the Fair Deal at Home D. The Domestic Chill: McCarthyism 1. The second Red Scare 2. Joseph McCarthy 3. Revelations of espionage 4. Identifying communists 5. The Smith Act 6. Beyond Washington

III. The Cold War Becomes Hot: Korea A. Korea and the Military Implementation of Containment 1. Korea divided 2. North invades South 3. Committing troops B. From Containment to Rollback to Containment 1. Crossing the thirty-eighth parallel 2. MacArthur relieved

III. The Cold War Becomes Hot: Korea C. Korea, Communism, and the 1952 Election 1. Eisenhower for president 2. The “Checkers speech” saves Nixon 3. Republican victory D. An Armistice and the War’s Costs 1. The war ends 2. A success for containment 3. NSC U.S. involvement in Asia