TRUMAN AND THE COLD WAR

POSTWAR AMERICA Help for Veterans: GI Bill  postwar boom in higher ed. Help for Veterans: GI Bill  postwar boom in higher ed. Baby boom  50 million babies between Baby boom  50 million babies between Growth of the suburbs  Levittown, white flight Growth of the suburbs  Levittown, white flight Rise of the sunbelt  southern and western states Rise of the sunbelt  southern and western states

POSTWAR POLITICS Harry Truman Harry Truman Employment Act of 1946 Employment Act of 1946 Created Council of Economic Advisors Created Council of Economic Advisors Inflation and Strikes Inflation and Strikes Civil Rights Civil Rights Republican controlled congress Republican controlled congress 22 nd amendment (1951) 22 nd amendment (1951) Taft-Hartley Act (1947) Taft-Hartley Act (1947)

ELECTION OF 1948

THE FAIR DEAL Proposed Congress enact legislation regarding the following: Proposed Congress enact legislation regarding the following: National healthcare insurance National healthcare insurance Federal aid to education Federal aid to education Civil Rights legislation Civil Rights legislation Funds for public housing Funds for public housing New Farm program New Farm program

COLD WAR: ORIGINS US-Soviet relations  frenemies at best: allies during war, opposed afterwards US-Soviet relations  frenemies at best: allies during war, opposed afterwards United Nations, Security Council, World Bank, Nuremberg Trials United Nations, Security Council, World Bank, Nuremberg Trials Free elections (rigged), occupied Germany, “Iron Curtain” Free elections (rigged), occupied Germany, “Iron Curtain” US Foreign Policy approach: Containment (Kennan’s Long Telegram) US Foreign Policy approach: Containment (Kennan’s Long Telegram)

CONTAINMENT The Truman Doctrine: $400 million in economic and military aid to assist “free people’s” of Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. The Truman Doctrine: $400 million in economic and military aid to assist “free people’s” of Greece and Turkey against totalitarian regimes. The Marshall Plan: June 1947, George Marshall’s plan for US economic aid to European countries. In 48, $12 billion in aid given to Western European countries over 4 year period. The Marshall Plan: June 1947, George Marshall’s plan for US economic aid to European countries. In 48, $12 billion in aid given to Western European countries over 4 year period. Effects: kept Western European countries from Communism, restored their economies, increased US exports to Europe, deepened rift between Soviets and US. Effects: kept Western European countries from Communism, restored their economies, increased US exports to Europe, deepened rift between Soviets and US. Berlin Airlift: Soviet blockade of Berlin led US to fly over city and drop supplies. Berlin Airlift: Soviet blockade of Berlin led US to fly over city and drop supplies. NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (military alliance) NATO-North Atlantic Treaty Organization (military alliance)

COLD WAR ORIGINS CONTINUED National Security Act (1947)-Modernizing military capability National Security Act (1947)-Modernizing military capability 1. Replaced Department of War with Department of Defense 1. Replaced Department of War with Department of Defense 2.Created National Security Council (NSC) 2.Created National Security Council (NSC) Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Created Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Atomic Weapons Atomic Weapons Soviets developed A-Bomb in ’49 Soviets developed A-Bomb in ’49 US developed H-Bomb in ’52 US developed H-Bomb in ’52 NSC-68 (1950) NSC-68 (1950) Quadruple defense spending to 20% of GNP Quadruple defense spending to 20% of GNP Alliances w/non-communists Alliances w/non-communists Convince public arms build-up is necessary Convince public arms build-up is necessary

COLD WAR IN ASIA Japan: controlled by US, adopted new constitution (parliamentary democracy), gave up claims to Korea and islands in Pacific, US bases maintained in Japan for protection, became US ally. Japan: controlled by US, adopted new constitution (parliamentary democracy), gave up claims to Korea and islands in Pacific, US bases maintained in Japan for protection, became US ally. July 4, 1946: Philippines became independent July 4, 1946: Philippines became independent China: civil war btw Nationalists and Communists. Communists won. China: civil war btw Nationalists and Communists. Communists won. Two Chinas: Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan and Communists under Mao Zedong in mainland China Two Chinas: Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek on Taiwan and Communists under Mao Zedong in mainland China China will sign Sino-Soviet Pact w/Soviets China will sign Sino-Soviet Pact w/Soviets

THE KOREAN WAR The forgotten War The forgotten War Korea divided along 38 th parallel Korea divided along 38 th parallel North Korean army invades South Korea June 25, 1950, Security council authorizes UN force to defend South Korea North Korean army invades South Korea June 25, 1950, Security council authorizes UN force to defend South Korea Gen. MacArthur pushes troops back but causes China to enter war, Speaks out against US policy and fired from post Gen. MacArthur pushes troops back but causes China to enter war, Speaks out against US policy and fired from post Armistice: 1953 Armistice: 1953 Consequences: Containment worked, 38 th parallel remained, South Korea did not fall, military dramatically expanded, more troops overseas, new bombers, but Dems seen as “soft on communism” Consequences: Containment worked, 38 th parallel remained, South Korea did not fall, military dramatically expanded, more troops overseas, new bombers, but Dems seen as “soft on communism”

SECOND RED SCARE Loyalty Review Board Loyalty Review Board Dennis et al. v. United States (1951)  upheld Smith Act of 1940 Dennis et al. v. United States (1951)  upheld Smith Act of 1940 MaCarran Internal Security Act (1950) MaCarran Internal Security Act (1950) Illegal to support creation of totalitarian govt Illegal to support creation of totalitarian govt Restricted employment and travel of Communists Restricted employment and travel of Communists Authorized creation of detention camps Authorized creation of detention camps UN-American Activities  HUAC UN-American Activities  HUAC Cultural Impact: writers, directors, actors blacklisted, loyalty oaths administered, ACLU argued violation of free speech. Cultural Impact: writers, directors, actors blacklisted, loyalty oaths administered, ACLU argued violation of free speech.

SECOND RED SCARE CONTINUED Espionage cases Espionage cases Hiss case Hiss case Rosenberg Case Rosenberg Case Joseph McCarthy  McCarthyism (witchhunt of the 50s) Joseph McCarthy  McCarthyism (witchhunt of the 50s) Tactics Tactics Army-McCarthy hearings Army-McCarthy hearings Demise Demise