KM3NeT Neutrino conference 2-7 June 2014, Boston, U.S.A. Maarten de Jong on behalf of the KM3NeT collaboration The next generation neutrino telescope in the Mediterranean 1

Introduction Discovery and subsequent observation of high-energy neutrino sources in Universe – interface between astrophysics and particle physics pillar of multi-messenger approach – synergy with Earth & Sea sciences (not in this talk) KM3NeT is a new Research Infrastructure – network of cabled observatories – located in deep waters of Mediterranean Sea – hosting multi-km 3 neutrino telescope 2

Astro-Particle Physics p, He,..  cosmic rays gamma rays neutrinos particle accelerator? 3

Detection principle muon wave front ~ km ~ 100 m neutrino interaction time resolution1ns position resolution10cm angular resolution 0.1 deg 4 Water properties

KM3NeT Architecture neutrino telescope shore station remote access to data remote operation onoff computer center  1 Tb/s 10  100 Mb/s

Site Before:One large Research Infrastructure interest from France, Italy and Greece to host complete infrastructure Now:Strong case for distributed Research Infrastructure agreement that France, Italy and Greece host part of infrastructure 6 “Advantage of additional funds and human resources resulting from using the three available sites significantly outweighs any financial or scientific advantage from using one of the sites.”

KM3NeT proudly presents 7

Design ~ 600 m Optical module Launcher vehicle ‒31 x 3” PMTs ‒low-power HV ‒LED & piezo inside ‒FPGA readout ‒White Rabbit ‒DWDM ‒rapid deployment ‒autonomous unfurling ‒recoverable 8 17”

ETEL 3-inch PMTs Key features: – timing≤ 4.5 ns (FWHM) – QE≥ 25-30% – collection efficiency≥ 90% – photon counting purity100% (by hits, up to 7) – price/cm 2 ≤ 10” PMT ETEL D792 Hamamatsu R12199HZC XP53B20 9

10 KM3NeT costs $ KM3NeT string ~ ¼ of $ Antares string

1 st prototype April 11

Multiplicity Rate [Hz] PMT orientation [deg.] atmospheric muons K40 random coincidences + data photon counting directionality 1 st prototype ¶ atmospheric muons + data (M ≥ 7) shadowing Rate [a.u.] ¶ 12

2 nd prototype 13

2 nd prototype Rate [Hz] Multiplicity May 2014, KM3NeT-It online monitoring Atmospheric muons 14 number of events  t [  s] Time difference between optical modules Atmospheric muons

Phase Total costs ¶ [M€] Primary deliverableStatus 131 Proof of feasibility of network of distributed neutrino telescope Funded 1.580–90 Measurement of neutrino signal reported by IceCube Letter of Intent 2220–250Neutrino astronomyESFRI road map Phased implementation 15 ¶ Total costs ≡ Total cumulative costs.

KM3NeT phase-1.5 Measurement of neutrino signal reported by IceCube 16

Cascade analysis 1.0  cut & count 1.Online data filter – 5 (or more) coincidences between PMTs in same optical module (  T = 10 ns) 2.Event filter – number of hits ≥ Vertex cut – veto atmospheric muons 4.Energy cut – total time-over-threshold ≥ 15  s 5.MRF/MDP cut – 2D cut based on Boosted Decision Tree & energy estimate 17

3.) Atmospheric muon veto cosmic neutrinosatmospheric muons 18 R 2 [10 3 m 2 ] z [m] vertex cut detector volume

5.) Signal / Noise 19 BDT (topology of event)  events / 6 months atmospheric muons atmospheric neutrinos (tracks) atmospheric neutrinos (showers) cosmic neutrinos (tracks) cosmic neutrinos (showers)

Sensitivity ¶ 20 ¶ Standard footprint; 30% better FOM with 30% larger inter-string distance. years significance [  ] cascades

KM3NeT phase-2 Neutrino astronomy 21

Galactic sources 22 RXJ1713 ¶ Vela X § years significance [  ] RXJ Vela X ¶ S.R. Kelner, et al., Phys. Rev. D 74 (2006) § F.L. Villante and F. Vissani, Phys. Rev. D 78 (2008) (binned analysis)

Addendum 23 ORCA is a feasibility study for a measurement of the mass hierarchy of neutrinos with the KM3NeT research infrastructure ¶ – ORCA (and other detectors) can use same technology but with different topologies of the photo-sensor grid – ORCA (and other detectors) can be embedded in the KM3NeT research infrastructure at (relatively) low cost ¶ Poster by Antoine Kouchner at this conference.

KM3NeT outlook Neutrino physicsNeutrino astronomy m ORCA +40 M€ Phase  170 M€ Phase  60 M€ years significance [  ] years Vela X RXJ1713 years muon tracks cascades combined cascades tracks