Islam World History SOL WHI.8a,b,c,d

Essential Questions Where did the Islamic religion originate? Where did the Islamic religion spread? What are the beliefs, traditions, and customs of Islam? How did geography influence the rapid expansion of area under Muslim control? What were some contributions of Islamic civilization?

Essential Questions How did political and cultural geography facilitate trade and cultural activity in the early Islamic lands? What were some major historical turning points that marked the spread and influence of Islamic civilization? How did Islamic civilization preserve and extend ancient Greek, Persian, and Indian learning?

Origins of Islam Arabian Peninsula The Arabian Peninsula had few cities, –Mecca & Medina were the only cities nomadic herders and most people were nomadic herders Desert land & mountains Desert land & mountains who raised goats and sheep. –Organized in tribes and often fought in blood feuds. There was little art or architecture.

Origins of Islam Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad, born in 570 C.E.(A.D.) Islam was founded by the prophet Muhammad, born in 570 C.E.(A.D.) –started preaching when he was 40 years old. Muhammad lived in Mecca, a city on the Arabian Peninsula. Muhammad lived in Mecca, a city on the Arabian Peninsula. –He was a member of a Bedouin tribe and married a wealthy merchant woman (Khadiya)

Origins of Islam When Muhammad started preaching When Muhammad started preaching – Other tribes in Mecca – Other tribes in Mecca were afraid of his growing power and threatened to kill him. Muhammad and his family moved to Medina. –United the tribes in Medina and converted most people to Islam. When he returned to Mecca he was accepted as the leader Islamic faith When he returned to Mecca he was accepted as the leader Islamic faith –Kaaba was rededicated as a sacred place of worship.

Footsteps of the Prophet Muhammad Identify the path of Prophet Muhammad from his birthplace to Medina & back to Mecca. Place the 4 steps into the right path Place the 4 steps into the right path

Origins of Islam After Muhammad’s death After Muhammad’s death –Bedouin tribes united – swept out of the Arabian Peninsula –Conquered the Persian Empire and parts of the Byzantine Empire. In less than 100 years they controlled all of North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Spain. In less than 100 years they controlled all of North Africa, the Middle East, and parts of Spain.

Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic Religion –Leader –Leader: Muhammad was greatest prophet of God

Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic Religion –Worship: Muslims worship in buildings called mosques. Domes Influenced by Roman & Byzantine architecture

Beliefs of Islam=Monotheistic Religion –Holy Book: –Holy Book: Qu’ran (Koran) teaching of Muhammad –God is called (Allah)

The Kaaba, “The Cube” Located in the Mecca Holiest site in the religion of Islam. Once a year Muslims make a pilgrimage (journey) to the Kaaba known as the Hajj.

Beliefs of Islam The five pillars or central teachings of Islam are The five pillars or central teachings of Islam are : A. A statement of faith A. A statement of faith (There is one God, Allah is his name, and Muhammad is his prophet) B. Prayer B. Prayer (five times a day in the direction of Mecca) C. Charity D. Pilgrimage to Mecca D. Pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in your lifetime (called the Hajj) E. Fasting E. Fasting (during the month of Ramadan)

Dome of the Rock Jerusalem Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, the third holiest site in the religion of Islam.

located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of JerusalemIs a shrine located on the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem 691 CE at the order of Umayyad CaliphIt was initially completed in 691 CE at the order of Umayyad Caliph Abd al-Malik during the Second Fitna The octagonal plan of the structure may have been influenced by the Byzantine Chapel of St Mary oldest works of Islamic architecture.The Dome of the Rock is now one of the oldest works of Islamic architecture.

Map showing the spread of Islam from the Arabian Battle of Tours in France Peninsula. Notice the Battle of Tours in France.

Another map showing spread of Islam. Notice the Byzantine Empire in modern day Turkey. Although Muslim armies took their North African possessions they managed to fight the Muslims off in Turkey.

Spread of Islam into Central Asia and Southeast Asia. Islam was spread into Southeast Asia by traders and wandering mystics known as sufis wandering mystics known as sufis. Southeast Asia

Spread of Islam Along trade routes from Mecca and Medina. Conquering armies Conquering armies spread Islam when Muhammad died. –Conquered the Persian Empire and Byzantine Empire Islam spread despite long distances, deserts, mountains, and even oceans Islam spread despite long distances, deserts, mountains, and even oceans.

Spread of Islam When Muslim armies first conquered areas outside of the Arabian Peninsula they made no effort to convert people. In fact, they didn’t want to convert people because true believers split the loot taken in battle. They allowed other religions such as Judaism and Christianity to peacefully coexist as long as they paid a higher tax. Many people converted of their own free will.

Spread of Islam Muslim armies did take slaves but slavery in the Muslim world was not based on race. Usually, only wealthy families owned slaves. The Arabic language became a unifying factor The Arabic language became a unifying factor The political unity of the Muslim world lasted a short time. Sections of North Africa and Spain broke off into separate caliphates.

Important Events Muhammad dies and his close friend Abu Bakr is appointed Caliph. Muslim armies take Damascus Muslim armies take Damascus. Damascus becomes the capital 750 AD. Muslim armies take Jerusalem Muslim armies take Jerusalem. 661 the Muslims splint into two groups Sunni and Shia branches after the death of al-Muhammad.

Important Events Muslim armies are defeated at the Battle of Tours in France. Christian Europe is saved Umayyad Dynasty replaced by Abbasid Dynasty. Capital moved to Baghdad and the golden age of Islam begins Baghdad is looted and sacked by the Mongols.

Contributions of Islam Muslim architects adapted the domes and arches of Byzantine buildings Architecture - Muslim architects adapted the domes and arches of Byzantine buildings to new uses. They converted Byzantine churches to mosques and built with domed roofs. Muslim artists decorated mosques with intricate colored tiles known as mosaics. Mosaics - The Quran forbids depictions of Muhammad or Allah. Muslim artists decorated mosques with intricate colored tiles known as mosaics.

Mosaic on a mosque

Mosaic on a mosque

Contributions of Islam The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. Arabic alphabet - The Arabic alphabet is used to write Arabic, Persian, and Urdu. –Used and Spread throughout Islamic Empire byTrading –Style of writing:Calligraphy

Contributions of Islam Universities –Large cities: Baghdadand Timbuktu had universities with large libraries.. Universities –Large cities: Baghdadand Timbuktu had universities with large libraries.. Scholars in these libraries also translated ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic Scholars in these libraries also translated ancient Greek and Roman texts into Arabic.

Contributions of Islam (adapted from India, including zero) Arabic numerals (adapted from India, including zero) –Numbers we use today Algebra 2x+4=7 Algebra 2x+4=7 Doctors and pharmacists had to pass a government test Public hospitals and baths were common. Medicine - Doctors and pharmacists had to pass a government test before they could practice. Public hospitals and baths were common. geographic knowledge (new and revised maps) Expansion of geographic knowledge (new and revised maps)