UNIT 11 – WORLD WAR II CHAPTER 31 YEARS OF CRISIS

SECTION 1 SECTION 2 SECTION 3 SECTION 4 Postwar Uncertainty A Worldwide Depression Fascism Rises in Europe Aggressors Invade Nations Chart Unemployed men in a Chicago soup kitchen during the Great Depression (1930). Societies undergo political, economic, and social changes that lead to renewed aggression.

 CORE OBJECTIVE: Analyze the economic, political, and social changes that caused WW II and then summarize the events of WWII OBJECTIVE 11.1: Explain how scientific theories challenged old beliefs OBJECTIVE 11.2: Describe the impact WWI had on postwar Europe  THEME: At the beginning of the 20 th century, a terrible war begins in Europe that will claim over 8 million lives.

CHAPTER 31 SECTION 1 POSTWAR UNCERTAINTY The postwar period is one of loss and uncertainty but also one of invention, creativity, and new ideas.

 Impact of the War Suffering caused by World War I leads many to doubt old beliefs T.S. Eliot: Western society had become a wasteland and lost its spiritual values; drained of hope (1922)  Thinkers React to Uncertainties Philosophy of existentialism—no universal meaning to life Friedrich Nietzsche urges return to ancient heroic values Democracy stifles creativity (1880’s); influences Italy/Germany  Women’s Roles Change Women take on new roles during World War I This work helps many win the right to vote and seek new careers In 1920s, women adopt freer clothing, hairstyles

TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES  The Automobile Alters Society First gas powered car invented by German Karl Benz in 1886 Cars improve after the war and become less expensive Britain produces 34,000 cars a year (1914) & 511,000 by 1937 Increased auto use changes people’s lives  Airplanes Transform Travel Charles Lindbergh is first to fly alone across Atlantic  Radio and Movies Dominate Popular Entertainment Guglielmo Marconi experiments with radio transmissions in In 1920s, commercial radio stations spread across U.S. Motion pictures become major industry, art form Films are silent until the late 1920’s

CHAPTER 31 SECTION 2 WORLDWIDE DEPRESSION An economic depression in the United States spreads throughout the world and lasts for a decade.

GERMAN DEMOCRACY  Democracy in Germany Weimar Republic — Germany’s democratic government formed in 1919 Government has serious weaknesses They had too many political parties They cannot fix the economy  Inflation Causes Crisis in Germany Value of German currency falls dramatically in the 1920’s (inflation) Germany did not increase taxes to pay for war; just printed more money Germans blamed the Weimar government for losing the war & the economy German Hyperinflation:

 Attempts at Stability American loans help revive German economy ($200 million; Dawes Plan) By 1929, German factories had recovered to pre-war production Germany and France sign treaty pledging no more war (1925) Many nations sign an agreement to end war, called the Kellogg- Briand Pact (1928)  U.S. Economy in Trouble American economy slowly weakens as wealth is distributed unevenly Stock prices soar - Many people buy stocks on credit Investors begin selling stocks, which lowers prices On October 29, 1929, stock market collapses as prices fall very low

 Economic Downturn Factory owners cut back on production, lay off workers Many farmers/homeowners cannot repay loans and lose their land Great Depression — long business slump of 1930s Marked by bank failures, loss of savings, unemployment  A Global Depression American economic problems create problems in other countries World trade falls sharply – U.S. is the world’s banker and supplier of goods Germany and Austria suffer greatly, as do Asia and Latin America Many countries become desperate for a leader to fix the economy

What region was referred to as the “powder keg” of Europe? A. The Middle East B. Alsace-Lorraine C. Austria-Hungary D. The Balkan Peninsula Which German leader united the German states after the 1871 Franco-Prussian War? A. Otto von Bismark B. Nicholas II C. Kaiser Wilhelm II D. Vladimir Lenin

What region was referred to as the “powder keg” of Europe? A. The Middle East B. Alsace-Lorraine C. Austria-Hungary D. The Balkan Peninsula Which German leader united the German states after the 1871 Franco-Prussian War? A. Otto von Bismark B. Nicholas II C. Kaiser Wilhelm II D. Vladimir Lenin