“Nom de plume” Reaction against the politics, Empire and limitations of middle-class life Admission to Eton (“preparatory school”) In one of his essays “Such, Such Were the Joys” he describes his unhappiness at school He realised that the Empire was based on false and inequitable concept He felt it a moral duty to fight on the republican side in the Spanish Civil War He went to work forBBC Indian Service

Sense of guilt in relation to the working classes Criticism of provincial and industrial England Social conditions of life and work with miners Manipulation of socialist enthusiast Critical description of his time in Spain A satire of the Russian Revolution Tyrannical power Modern man’s enslavement to mass media

The novel was written in 1948, Orwell tries to imagine how England would be in 40 years under a totalitarian government. He compares this with the fascism and communism, in fact the citizens feel that there is a huge terror. This work has become the symbol of modern man’s enslavement to mass media In order to control everybody, the thought police is introduced: it encouraged the children to denounce the parents who go against party.

Criticism against the corruption and the privileges of the leaders and against the indifference of people Political fable, allegory of the Russian revolution. Orwell expresses his delusion for the outcome of the Russian Revolution BEFORE Freedom and Proletariat’s Revolution NOW Failure and New Totalitarism

Symbol of corrupt governament 1)Napoleon: the strongest Symbol of dictators Represents STALIN 1)Napoleon: the strongest Symbol of dictators Represents STALIN 2)Snowball: idealist and betrayed Represents TROTSKY 2)Snowball: idealist and betrayed Represents TROTSKY Animals = historical characters of the revolution Represents Tsar Nicholaus II

1.Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy 2.Whatever goes upon four legs is a friend 3.No animal shall wear clothes 4.No animal shall sleep in a bed 5.No animal shall drink alcohol 6.No animal shall kill any other animal 7.All animals are equal

Allusion to the non- aggression pact between Russia and Germany (1939) The animal’s revolution is a failure Napoleon betrays cooperating with men, suppressing the changes and the achivements of the revolution (name,flag) New leaders but old submission and slavery They are more powerful because they control the languages and the thoughts of the other animals Other animals are passive spectators that just obey the pigs. They represent the masses

“ Power is not a means,it is an end. One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes the revolution in order to establish the dictatorship” “The people will believe what the media tells them to believe” “ Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appareance of solidity to pure wind” “ Each generation imagines itself to be more intelligent than the one that went before it, and wiser than the one that comes after it”