Space Exploration Discovery New Frontiers Flagship

Jupiter Pioneer 10,11 ( ) Voyager 1,2 (1977) Galileo(1989) Cassini- Huygens (2003) Juno(2011) Saturn Pioneer 11 Voyager 1,2 Cassini- Huygens (2003) Uranus Voyager 2 Neptune Voyager 2 Exploration of Outer Planets

19 th Jan Launched using Saturn V rocket 28 th Feb 2007 – Jupiter flyby 25 th Feb 2010 – Half mission distance Now – AU from Sun, past orbit of Uranus 2 nd Dec 2011 – Closest spacecraft ever to Pluto 14 th Jul 2015 – Pluto- Charon system flyby 2025 – Communication link will become very weak 2029 – Will leave solar system

1.Long Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) 2.Pluto Exploration Remote Sensing Investigation (PERSI) 3.Plasma and high energy particle spectrometer suite (PAM) 4.Radio Science Experiment (REX) 5.Venetia Burney Student Dust Counter (VBSDC)

RTG

Long focal length CCD imager 5 micro radians resolution Made to withstand very low temperature Largest silicon carbide telescope yet flown Provides the highest spatial resolution in the spacecraft Will map surface of Pluto and Charon Look for ring systems and assist in targeting maneuvers

Consists of two high energy particle detectors SWAP (Solar Wind At Pluto) will measure charged particles from the solar wind – up to 6.5 keV near Pluto to determine whether Pluto has a magnetosphere and how fast its atmosphere is escaping PEPSSI(Pluto Energetic Particle Spectrometer Science Investigation) will search for neutral atoms that escape Pluto's atmosphere and subsequently become charged by their interaction with the solar wind (up to 1 MeV)

REX is a radio experiment for measuring atmospheric composition and temperature After Pluto flyby the 2.1 m HGA will be pointed towards Earth Powerful radio transmitters in earth will send signals which will pass through Pluto’s atmosphere and reach REX REX also has a radiometry mode which will measure the weak radio emission from Pluto itself to derive a very accurate value for Pluto's nightside temperature

Built by students at the University of Colorado Named after the girl who suggested Pluto’s name For understanding the dust spectra of solar system Operate continuously through the trajectory to make dust measurements Consists of a detector panel (460x300mm) and an electronics box Detector contains 14 PVDF panels which generate voltage when impacted

Cylindrical RTG developed by US Department of Energy Contains 11 kg of Pu 238 Will provide 240W at 30V DC

1 High Gain Antenna, 2 Mid Gain Antenna and a Low Gain Antenna At Pluto’s distance data transfer rate will be 1000 bits/s 70 m Deep Space Network (DSN) dishes will be used to relay data beyond Jupiter Communications will be via X band Data will be stored in two 8GByte SSDs and relayed back to earth after encounter

RTG

Detected in 1970’s during Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 missions Small deviation from predicted acceleration of spacecraft even after accounting for errors New Horizons may be used to address this fundamental physics mystery

Fuel savings during trajectory corrections provides opportunity for possible KBO flyby One or two KBOs will be chosen for flyby missions

After the Jupiter system flyby, the spacecraft was put on a hibernation mode to prolong the life of electronics and save operation costs It will send beacons that indicate health of subsystems to earth Once every year the spacecraft is operated to ensure the reliability of the system

Discovered in th most massive body orbiting sun Classified as dwarf planet in 2009 by IAU M earth and 32 AU from sun

The object must be in orbit around the Sun The object must be massive enough to be a sphere by its own gravitational force It must have cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

3 months from the closest approach (10,000 km from Pluto) LORRI and Ralph will start mapping of Pluto and Charon They will observe spectra of the system 2 times every Pluto day to look for any surface activities SWAP and PEPSSI will observe solar wind interaction with Pluto’s atmosphere The best pictures of Pluto will depict surface features as small as 60 m across Observation will continue in the shadow of Pluto and Charon after the encounter using Alice and REX

Achieved the Pluto Jupiter Gravity Assist (JGA) The flyby increased New Horizons' speed away from the Sun by nearly 4 km/s Served as practice for Pluto-system encounter Did good Jupiter science Jovian meteorology satellite geology and composition auroral phenomena, and magnetospheric physics

Jupiter and Io by LORRI and Ralph