Chapter 12 Blood Honors A&P Spring 2016

I Introduction A Blood has many vital functions 1. Transport: a. Nutrients b. Oxygen c. Waste d. Hormones 2. Distributes heat 3. Maintains fluid stability

II Blood and Blood cells A. Blood volume and composition 1. Average adult has 5 liters of blood

2. Composed of blood cells and plasma a. 45% blood cells i. red blood cells ii. white blood cells iii. platelets b. 55% plamsa i. liquid part of blood

B. Red Blood Cells 1. A.K.A. Erythrocytes a. Bioconcave discs

b. Hemoglobin i. Protein within the cell that carries oxygen ii. causes the red color c. Mature cells get rid of nucleus i. makes more room for hemoglobin ii. mature cells cannot make proteins or divide

2. Cell production and control a. cells produced in red bone marrow b. erythropoietin is a hormone that stimulates production

3. Destruction of red blood cells a. Macrophages destroy old and damaged red blood cells b. Hemoglobin is broken down and recycled

C. White Blood Cells 1. A.K.A. Leukocytes a. protect against disease 2. Cell production and control a. production caused by two hormones i. Interleukins ii. Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

3. 5 types of white blood cells a. neutrophils Ingest and break down small bacterial cells b. eosinophils Help control inflammation and allergic reactions

c. Basophils Help control blood flow and clotting d. Monocytes Ingest and break down larger objects e. Lymphocytes Produce antibodies and help with “immunity”

D. Blood Platelets 1. A.K.A. Thrombocytes a. are not complete cells

2. Cell production and control a. Platelets are broken pieces of larger cells called Megakaryocytes b. production of Megakaryocytes cause by the hormone thromopoietin

3. Function of platelets a. help close breaks in damaged blood vessels Initiate formation of blood clots

Exit Slip 2 new things you learned/found interesting 1 question you still have 1 fun thing you did during spring break

Let’s Review! What is a thrombocyte? What percentage of blood is formed elements? What are at least 2 substances found in plasma? Where is the hemoglobin protein complex found and what does it carry? Critical Thinking: Leukemia is cancer of the blood, what specific blood cells does it affect?

III Blood Plasma A. Plasma Proteins 1. Albumins a. help control the movement of water between the blood and tissues i. in turn controls blood volume and pressure

2. Globulins a. subdivided into 3 categories i. alpha ii. Beta iii. Gamma b. have a variety of functions i. Alpha and beta- transport lipids ii. Gamma- a type of antibody

3. Fibrinogen a. functions in blood coagulation

B. Gases and Nutrients 1. Gases a. oxygen b. carbon dioxide 2. Nutrients a. amino acids b. simple sugars c. nucleotides

d. lipids i. must combine with a protein for transport ii. Called a lipoprotein complex iii. EX. HDL and LDL

C. Plasma Electrolytes 1. Variety of electrolytes a. sodium b. potassium c. calcium d. bicarbonate

IV. Hemostasis A. Blood Vessel Spasm 1. Vasospasm a. occurs when a smaller blood vessel is broken b. break causes vessel walls to contract c. helps lessen blood loss

B. Platelet Plug Formation 1. Platelets adhere to broken edges of blood vessels 2. Platelets also adhere to each other a. form a “plug” at a break site b. however, only works for small breaks

C. Blood Coagulation 1. formation of a blood clot a. complex process b. requires many “clotting factors”

2. Major steps to coagulation a. fibrinogen is turned into to fibrin threads b. fibrin threads form a meshwork that covers damaged area i. catch red blood cells ii. Keep cells from leaving vessel

V. Blood Groups A. Antigens and Antibodies 1. Antigen a. Molecule located on the surface of a red blood cell b. two groups of antigens determine blood types i. ABO group antigens Ii. Rh group antigens

2. Antibody a. protein carried in plasma b. recognize and react with antigens

B. ABO Blood Group 1. based on two major antigens a. antigen A b. antigen B

2. Cells can have one of four antigen combinations a. only A i. Type A blood b. only B i. Type B blood c. both A and B i. Type AB blood d. neither A nor B i. Type O blood

3. Body synthesizes antibodies for specific blood types a. Type A - Anti-B Antibodies b. Type B - Anti-A Antibodies c. Type AB - neither d. Type O - both

C. Rh Blood Group 1. Several Rh antigens a. if any Rh antigens are present, person is Rh-positive b. if no Rh antigens are present, person is Rh-negative

2. Anti-Rh Antibodies a. Are not always present in an Rh-negative person b. Only form in response to special stimulation

3. Formation of Anti-Rh Antibodies a. Rh-negative female pregnant with Rh-positive child i. First time is no problem, antibodies aren’t present yet ii. Second time, antibodies attack fetal blood cells