CHINA IN TRANSITION A Chinese Puzzle:An economic superpower run as a one- party communist state with capitalist ambitions Tuesday April 5, 2016

I. Imperial China A. China is one of the oldest continuous countries in the world B.Most of its history it was ruled by familial emperors known as “dynasties” C. Local “warlords” helped emperors control

II. The Pre-Republic Period A. China was carved into “spheres of influence” by European countries in the late 1800’s and early 1900’s. 1. Britain - Chang River Valley (Yangtze) 2. France – southern China 3. Russia – Mongolia and Manchuria 4. Japan – Korea and Taiwan 5. Germany – Qindao

B. Reactions to European interference - The Boxer Rebellion 1.Chinese nationalists formed the “fists of righteous harmony” = boxers 2.Fought to drive out the Europeans but were unsuccessful

Reactions to European interference -The Boxer Rebellion-

III. THE END OF IMPERIAL CHINA Until the early 20th century (1912) China was run as a monarchy under a long line of Emperors The last emperor of China was Puyi the last of the Qing dynasty The final years of the Qing dynasty were marked by turmoil, civil war Chinese nationalist creating democracy Puyi became emperor at the age of 2yrs!

4. Sun Yixian (Sun Yat Sen) and Jiang Kaishek (Chiang Kai Shek) (Koumintang)

Civil War- Briefly united to defeat the warlords Nationalist -v- Communist Nationalists –Chiang Kai-shek –Democracy –Capitalist Ideology –Supported by U.S. Communists –Mao Tse Tung –Single Party State –Communist Ideology –Supported by U.S.S.R.

Capitalism - Communism Capitalism (Adam Smith - Wealth of Nations) Allow people to pursue economic self interest Hard work and individual freedom will allow people to improve their lives Raise money(capital) from market- invest in business- keep profits Government should not interfere with the economy - free market Communism (Karl Marx - Das Capital) People should work together to improve the nation and have equal share of the nation’ wealth Workers should control means of production (resources, farming and industry) Government controls and plans the economy - command economy

Civil War /50 (with a short break for WWII) 22 years of conflict THE LONG MARCH carnage!

Communist Victory Post WWII 1949

Peoples Republic of China 1 st Oct 1949 Declaration of Peoples Republic of China Redistribution of Land Government takes control of agriculture Sets up series of 5 year plans - targets for grain production Collectivization of Farms

The Great Leap Forward An attempt to rapidly industrialize and improve food production Private ownership of land abolished 700 mllion people organized into 27,000 communes 600,000 Backyard iron/steel furnaces set up in villages - labor diverted to steel production

Result of the Great Leap Forward The Great Leap Forward ultimately failed. Commune-based industries turned out poorly made goods. At the same time, agricultural output declined. Bad weather added to the downturn, creating widespread famine.

1966 The Cultural Revolution Mao’s Little Red Book Getting Rids of the “The Four Olds” –Old Culture –Old Customs –Old Habits –Old Ideas

In 1966, Mao launched the Cultural Revolution to renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more equitable society. Mao feared that revolutionary peasants and workers were being replaced by intellectuals in running the country.

He shut down schools and universities throughout China and urged Chinese students to experience the revolution for themselves. Students formed groups of fighters called the Red Guards. They attacked professors, government officials, and factory managers, many of whom were exiled or executed.

“Beating Down the Counter Revolutionaries”

United States Recognition of Communist China Due to the fears of communism during the early stages of the Cold War, the United States refused to recognize the People’s Republic of China. By the 1970s, however, this situation was changing. China won admission into the United Nations in 1971 and President Richard Nixon visited Mao Zedong in Beijing in 1972.

Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971

Mao Meets President Nixon- 1972

Mao dies 1976 Deng Xiaoping succeeds

The Four Modernizations Deng Xiaoping Modernize –Agriculture –Industry –Science –Military Huge investment Radical change - private ownership of business and land allowed Visits U.S NEW COMMUNISM

Deng Xiao Ping’s Successes Wednesday April 6, 2016 Tenure was abolished and many made way for more qualified people to take government positions 1984 revives China to a point that it is self sufficient on food 1984 successful negotiation to return Hong Kong to the Chinese Mao re-unified China, Deng pushed its economy forward

Success or Failure? One Child Policy China has 1 billion people Began as a temporary measure but lasts to today and will continue (reassessment in 2010) Has been limited to urban populations Fines, pressures to abort a pregnancy, and forced sterilization accompanied second or subsequent pregnancies

Effects of One Child Policy Caused a disdain for female babies –abortion, neglect, abandonment, and even infanticide 114 males for every 100 females (world average is 105:100) “Little Emperor Syndrome” of spoiled only children Estimated to have lowered the population by 300 million 80’s generation now of childbearing age and are allowed to have two per couple (if you don’t have siblings)

Tianamen Square 1989 The next day students from over 40 universities plus pro-democracy demonstrated began protests (April 26- June 4, 1989) – about 100,000 Becomes a protest against the government (removal of Deng Xiaoping) May 13 students begin a hunger strike May 20 martial law is declared but demonstrations continued

Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student activist, Wang Dan, Beijing University

The “Goddess of Democracy”

Tianamen Square 1989 “Tank Man”

The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

Tiananmen Square Massacre After about two weeks of deliberation, the PLA is sent in to end the demonstration June 3-4 Killed hundreds, injuring 10,000 as eAfter about two weeks of deliberation, the PLA is sent in to end the demonstration June 3-4 Killed hundreds, injuring 10,000 as students tried to block the tanks Students shot or run over with tanks Afterwards, trials and executions were conducted Foreign press is banned Chinese are quiet about the issue to this day

Reform, Change, Growth! BBC

C HINA TODAY Considered Communist but acts Capitalist –“Free” market (still subject to what the government thinks is best for the country) Better definition may be that it is a socialist country (healthcare) Government structure is still communist and there is only one party No cult dictatorship like Mao 2007 second largest GDP in the world (next to US) Few are becoming rich while most remain very poor HOW LONG CAN THIS LAST????????

A good source of information BBC:The Peoples Republic at 50 - a special reportThe Peoples Republic at 50 - a special report