CHAPTER 19: Enlightenment and Revolution The Scientific Revolution

What led to the dawn of modern science? People challenged the church New theories proposed and tested Exploration Scientific method

During the Middle Ages people looked to the Church for answers to the natural world. People believed that the Earth was the center of the universe. This is known as the Geocentric theory.

It was proposed by Aristotle in the 300s BC. This was the start of the Scientific Revolution.

The Scientific Method contains five parts: Identify Hypothesis Experiment Record Analyze

Developed by Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes.

Bacon believed that the only way to truly gain scientific knowledge was through experimentation Descartes believed that everything should be doubted until it could be proven by reason.

Heliocentric Theory ­Nicolaus Copernicus disagreed with the Geocentric Theory and came up with his own theory: Heliocentric Theory. the sun is the center of the universe. He would not publish his findings until right before he died for fear of backlash from the Church.

Tycho Brahe believed that the sun revolved around the earth but the other planets revolved around the sun. Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets revolved around the sun in an ellipse.

Galileo Galilei built the first telescope used for astronomy in He also discovered that the Milky Way was made up of stars.

Sir Isaac Newton came up with the Law of Universal Gravitation. It states that gravity affects objects in the universe as well as on earth. He also developed calculus.

Andreas Vesalius made discoveries about anatomy. He was even given dead bodies to use by the king.

William Harvey discovered how the heart works.

Antony van Leeuwenhoek developed a microscope. He was the first person to describe microorganisms. Robert Hooke is credited creating the term cell.

Robert Boyle was the first chemist to define an element. He said that elements were tiny clusters of particles.

Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier developed the first periodic table.

Discoveries in astronomy, physics, and math Heliocentric theory Planets orbited the sun Laws of gravity Calculus

Scientific ideas move beyond the realm of science and affect society? Challenged the church Science and religion combined to produce new works Renaissance

Enlightenment is influenced by reason Philosophers used reason to understand the truth

The Enlightenment Thinkers decided that reason could be used to solve all human problems. This is the start of the Enlightenment. Enlightenment thinkers would have gatherings called salons were they would meet and discuss ideas.

Thomas Hobbes believed that people needed government in order to preserve order. He came up with the social contract where people would give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for safety. He also believed that the best type of government is a absolute monarchy.

John Locke believed that people were naturally happy, tolerant, and reasonable. He said that people where born equal with three natural rights: life, liberty, and property. The purpose of government was to protect their natural rights.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau believed that people were born good. He believed that government should work for the benefit of the common good. He also wanted people to give up some of their rights in order to benefit the whole.

Baron de Montesquieu argued that the best form of government included a separation of powers. This would prevent someone from abusing their power. He liked it because it would serve as a system of checks and balances.

French philosopher Voltaire attacked injustice in the government and church. He like to write in satire. The French government would later exile him.

Denis Diderot published the Encyclopedia. It would contain 28 volumes and it would take 28 years for him to finish it. Mary Wollstonecraft demanded equal rights for women. Adam Smith believed in a free market and laissez-faire economics.

Rulers who used these Enlightenment ideas were called Enlightened Despots. Frederick II of Prussia would establish public education and he abolished torture and supported religious tolerance.

Catherine II (The Great) of Russia drafted a constitution and code of laws.

Joseph II of Austria would eliminate the death penalty and provide free food and medicine for poor people.

How did Enlightenment ideas spread? Salons encyclopedia

Causes of American Revolution Taxes to pay for war Navigation Acts Stamp Act Boston Tea Party

American Revolution Who: Loyalists (British) vs. Patriots (Americans/Colonists) Why: Separation from British control in North America Winner: Patriots

The American Revolution The American colonies declared independence from England in The Declaration of Independence was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, It was written by Thomas Jefferson. George Washington would be named leader of the Continental Army.

The British general Lord Cornwallis surrendered to George Washington after the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia in September The Treaty of Paris ended the war.

The first government of the new United States of America was the Articles of Confederation. It was very weak. The government did not have the power to tax and all states have to approve any change.

In 1787, delegates met to create a new constitution. The Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia and would last four months. It would go into effect in 1789.

It created a federal system, of government. This is when some powers are held by the federal government and some by the state governments. It also created three branches of government: executive, legislative, and judicial. In order for all of the states to ratify it, a Bill of Rights was added to it.

Enlightenment ideas influenced independence Enlightenment ideas used in the Declaration of Independence Social contract gave people the idea of independence

Formation of a new government Replaced Articles of Confederation with new constitution and Bill of Rights