Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education Session 6D: Teacher Issues in Post-Primary Education The Expansion of Secondary Education and the Need for Teachers: How big is the gap? Audrey-marie Schuh Moore Ph.D., Joseph DeStefano, Arushi Terway, and David Balwanz ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa

Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education What Paradigm for Secondary Expansion? ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa SchoolsTeachersBooks Desks Equipment Materials E0E0 EtEt / S:T Σ Cost of inputs ― Existing budget Funding gap But, what if the system cannot procure/produce enough of one key input?

Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education Research methodology Data from Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Senengal, Uganda and Zambia used to make projections that:  Assume continued improvements in primary intake  Model the impact of improvements in both primary efficiency and transition to lower secondary  Determine the number of secondary teachers needed to meet projected enrollment  Compare the growth in the secondary teaching force to the recent trends in annual growth of secondary teachers ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa

ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Historic annual rate of growth in teacher supply Required annual rate of growth in teacher supply to meet projected expansion UgandaZambiaKenya 3.4% 9% 5% 3% 10%12% Kenya Historical growth in teacher supply Projected growth in teacher supply t0t0 t1t1 t2t2 t3t3 t4t4 t5t5 t6t6 t7t7 t8t8 t9t9 Projected Required Increase in Teacher Supply

ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa Entering Secondary Teaching Inherent Limitations: Zambia 467, , , ,894 6,9386,6615,994 Entering primary Completing Primary Entering Secondary Completing Secondary Entering TTC Completing TTC Entering Secondary Teaching

Beyond Primary Education: Challenges of and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in AfricaAssociation for the Development of Education in Africa (ADEA) Biennale 2008 on Post-Primary Education Policy Implications  Restructuring of lower secondary education  More efficient deployment and use of teachers (requirements for teacher workloads)  Recruiting teaching candidates from different points in the education system  Alternative approaches to secondary education and teacher preparation  Teacher support and ongoing in-service as opposed to extensive pre-service training ADEA 2008 Biennale on Education in Africa Beyond Primary Education: Challenges and Approaches to Expanding Learning Opportunities in Africa